Adverse drug reaction and toxicity caused by commonly used antimicrobials in canine practice

Abstract

An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is a serious concern for practicing veterinarians and other health professionals, and refers to an unintended, undesired and unexpected response to a drug that negatively affects the patient's health. It may be iatrogenic or genetically induced, and may result in death of the affected animal. The ADRs are often complicated and unexpected due to myriad clinical symptoms and multiple mechanisms of drug-host interaction. Toxicity due to commonly used drugs is not uncommon when they are used injudiciously or for a prolonged period. Licosamides, exclusively prescribed against anaerobic pyoderma, often ends with diarrhoea and vomiting in canines. Treatment with Penicillin and -lactam antibiotics induces onset of pemphigious vulgare, drug allergy or hypersensitivity. Chloroamphenicol and aminoglycosides causes Gray's baby syndrome and ototoxicity in puppies, respectively. Aminoglycosides are very often associated with nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neuromuscular blockage. Injudicious use of fluroquinones induces the onset of arthropathy in pups at the weight bearing joints. The most effective therapeutic measure in managing ADR is to treat the causative mediators, followed by supportive and symptomatic treatment. So, in this prospective review, we attempt to bring forth the commonly occurring adverse drug reactions, their classification, underlying mechanism, epidemiology, treatment and management as gleaned from the literature available till date and the different clinical cases observed by the authors. adverse drug reaction, drug interaction, hypersensitivity, toxicity.

Drug Reaction Caused by Clavulanate Amoxicillin in Dogs: Report of two CasesDrug Reaction Caused by Clavulanate Amoxicillin in Dogs: Report of two Cases

“…In the animals reported the diagnostic was based on clinical findings and time of lesion evolution after appeared days after the beginning of antibiotic administration, since there was not allergic tests for clavulanate-amoxycillin in clinical practice. The treatment is based on discontinuing the therapy and if necessary replacing the drug with another pharmacological class [1,4,7]. The glucocorticoid use or anti histamine may be indicated depending on the type of clinical manifestations presented.…”

“…The use of antibiotics can lead to adverse reactions concomitant or subsequent to treatment, alteration known as pharmacodermia. In human patients, is a high incidence disease, which are affected in about 10-20% of patients treated with antibiotics, being considered the fifth major cause of mortality [4,5]. In veterinary medicine it is suggested that the casuistry may be underestimated, due to similarity with several skin diseases [1].…”

“…The pharmacodermia is characterized by allergic reaction with clinical alterations on the skin, mucous membranes and annexes, due to use of certain medicines [6,9]. This clinical condition can lead to serious consequences such as anaphylactic reaction and death [4,8]. Cutaneous manifestations are characterized by vesiculobullous eruptions, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, bullous pemphigoid and others [1].…”

“…Cutaneous manifestations are characterized by vesiculobullous eruptions, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, bullous pemphigoid and others [1]. The etiopathogenesis of pharmacodermia can be classified as dosedependent, in which reactions are associated with drug dosage, or dose-independent, when it relates to individual immune response of the animal [4,5]. The cause-dependent reaction is the most frequent and may have iatrogenic character.…”

“…Although it is known that in cases of drug reaction the immune system is activated similarly to allergic conditions [5]. cytotoxicity, mediated by immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) with systemic alterations characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and nephritis [4,9]. Type III involves IgG and IgM, is non-immediate and cause skin rash, fever, lymphadenopathy and arthralgia [9,5].…”