Aerobic biotransformation of 2, 4, 6–trichlorophenol by <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i> in aqueous batch culture: Degradation and residual phytotoxicity

Abstract

Abstract2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) is a toxic compound widespread in the environment, with numerous applications. There are many fungi capable of degrading it, although little attention has been paid to non wood-degrading species. Penicillium chrysogenum ERK1 was able to degrade 85% of TCP in batch cultures in the presence of sodium acetate. Degradation rate was fitted to a specific first-order kinetic and the growth rate was fitted to a Gompertz model. Hydroquinone and benzoquinone were identified as degradation intermediates. The phytotoxicity of the residues was reduced by half after fungal treatment. These results suggest that Penicillium chrysogenum can be applied successfully to biodegrade TCP.

A kinetic study of textile dyeing wastewater degradation by Penicillium chrysogenum

“…The specific growth rate [l = l max G/(K s ? G)] values observed in this work are similar to those reported for P. chrysogenum using glucose as a carbon source in the absence of pollutants [34,35] and are in the range of previously found for other pollutants [10,36]. It also seems to indicate that the dyes evaluated do not inhibit the mycelia growth in the range of concentration study.…”

“…The environmental problems created by the textile industry have received increased attention for several decades because this industry is one of the largest generators of contaminated effluents [1], due to the discharge of untreated or poorly treated effluents. Wastewater resulting from these processes has adverse impacts in terms of total organic carbon (TOC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, salinity, color, a wide range of pH (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) and the recalcitrance of organic compounds, such as azo dyes [2,3].…”

“…Many non-basidiomycetes fungi are also able to degrade aromatic compounds and other complex structures [10,11]. Nevertheless, studies about degradation of complex aromatic compounds and particularly decolorization of azo dyes using non-basidiomycetes fungi are scarce [9,[12][13][14][15].…”