Aerosol Layering in the Free Troposphere over the Industrial City of Raciborz in Southwest Poland and Its Influence on Surface UV Radiation

Abstract

Atmospheric aerosol and ultraviolet index (UVI) measurements performed in Racibórz (50.08° N, 18.19° E) were analyzed for the period June–September 2019. Results of the following observations were taken into account: columnar characteristics of the aerosols (aerosol thickness, Angstrom exponent, single scattering albedo, asymmetry factor) obtained from standard CIMEL sun-photometer observations and parameters of aerosol layers (ALs) in the free troposphere (the number of layers and altitudes of the base and top) derived from continuous monitoring by a CHM-15k ceilometer. Three categories of ALs were defined: residues from the daily evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) aerosols, from the PBL-adjacent layer, and from the elevated layer above the PBL. Total column ozone measurements taken by the Ozone-Monitoring Instrument on board NASA’s Aura satellite completed the list of variables used to model UVI variability under clear-sky conditions. The aim was to present a hybrid model (radiative transfer model combined with a regression model) for determining ALs’ impact on the observed UVI series. First, a radiative transfer model, the Tropospheric Ultraviolet–Visible (TUV) model, which uses typical columnar characteristics to describe UV attenuation in the atmosphere, was applied to calculate hypothetical surface UVI values under clear-sky conditions. These modeled values were used to normalize the measured UVI data obtained during cloudless conditions. Next, a regression of the normalized UVI values was made using the AL characteristics. Random forest (RF) regression was chosen to search for an AL signal in the measured data. This explained about 55% of the variance in the normalized UVI series under clear-sky conditions. Finally, the UVI values were calculated as the product of the RF regression and the relevant UVIs by the columnar TUV model. The root mean square error and mean absolute error of the hybrid model were 1.86% and 1.25%, respectively, about 1 percentage point lower than corresponding values derived from the columnar TUV model. The 5th–95th percentile ranges of the observation/model differences were [−2.5%, 2.8%] and [−3.0%, 5.3%] for the hybrid model and columnar TUV model, respectively. Therefore, the impact of ALs on measured surface UV radiation could be demonstrated using the proposed AL characteristics. The statistical analysis of the UVI differences between the models allowed us to identify specific AL configuration responsible for these differences.

Comparison of the Performance of the GRASP and MERRA2 Models in Reproducing Tropospheric Aerosol Layers

“…ARI can also influence photochemical reactions in the atmosphere by attenuating high-energy photons in aerosol layers. Therefore, the ARI effect is dependent on the aerosol optical properties and their vertical distribution, which in turn affects the vertical distribution of aerosol composition, e.g., [8].…”

“…The aerosol population in the PBL is often a mixture of local and remote emissions, while processes such as convection, movement over non-flat orography, advection over large-scale fires, and industrial emissions from high chimneys can inject aerosols into the free troposphere [14,15]. These aerosols can be observed with active profiling equipment such as LIDARs and ceilometers as regions of increased light backscatter [8]. Combining LIDAR/ceilometer observations with backward trajectory statistics has been shown to be effective in identifying potential sources of aerosol layers and differentiating between local and advected aerosol populations [16][17][18][19].…”