“…In each context, unique relationships are shaped between members of the migrant population, different ethnic groups and the rest of society ( Banks, 2016 ). However, different studies have shown that in both countries, immigrant students are constantly at risk of segregation and social exclusion, especially when they are from a low socio-economic family background and had a precarious schooling situation in their original countries ( Goenechea, 2016 ; Lara, 2017 ; Caqueo-Urízar et al, 2021 ; Martínez-Rojas et al, 2021 ; Martinez, 2022 ). Likewise, recent research indicates that in Chile and Spain, schools have usually been the setting where local cultures are taught, and often imposed upon immigrant students leading to them relinquishing their own culture and assimilating into the culture of the receiving country ( García-Yepes, 2017 ; Pincheira, 2021 ).…”