p62/SQSTM1/A170 is a multimodular protein that is found in ubiquitin-positive inclusions associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Recent findings indicate that p62 mediates the interaction between ubiquitinated proteins and autophagosomes, leading these proteins to be degraded via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. This ubiquitin-mediated selective autophagy is thought to begin with recognition of the ubiquitinated proteins by the C-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain of p62. We present here the crystal structure of the UBA domain of mouse p62 and the solution structure of its ubiquitin-bound form. The p62 UBA domain adopts a novel dimeric structure in crystals, which is distinctive from those of other UBA domains. NMR analyses reveal that in solution the domain exists in equilibrium between the dimer and monomer forms, and binding ubiquitin shifts the equilibrium toward the monomer to form a 1:1 complex between the UBA domain and ubiquitin. The dimer-to-monomer transition is associated with a structural change of the very C-terminal end of the p62 UBA domain, although the UBA fold itself is essentially maintained. Our data illustrate that dimerization and ubiquitin binding of the p62 UBA domain are incompatible with each other. These observations reveal an autoinhibitory mechanism in the p62 UBA domain and suggest that autoinhibition plays a role in the function of p62.Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system is one of major causes of ubiquitin-positive inclusions found in various neurodegenerative diseases (1). Recent studies have identified the involvement of another degradation system, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, in the formation of ubiquitin-positive inclusions as exemplified by the observation that autophagy-deficient mice exhibit substantial accumulation of such inclusions in tissues (2). p62/SQSTM1/A170, a multidomain protein found in ubiquitin-positive inclusions, has been shown to bind intracellular signaling factors (3-5). Accumulating evidence indicates that p62 is a receptor for ubiquitinated proteins that are targeted to the autophagosome for lysosomal degradation. Specifically, it is involved in autophagic elimination of damaged mitochondria, midbody rings, peroxisomes, and microbes (6 -10).The importance of p62 in autophagic degradation of proteins and organelles has been demonstrated by studies using tissuespecific autophagy-deficient mice. Elimination of Atg5 or Atg7, an essential gene in the formation of the autophagosome, in mouse neurons and hepatocytes resulted in toxicity accompanied by accumulation of ubiquitin-positive inclusions in the cells. In contrast, knock-out of both Atg7 and p62 (Atg7 Ϫ/Ϫ / p62 Ϫ/Ϫ ) caused a dramatic reduction in the amount of inclusions in both types of cells (2, 11). A similar result was also reported in fruit flies (12). These observations indicate that p62 is critically involved in the development of ubiquitin-positive inclusions that should be degraded via autophagy. In addition to playing a role in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, p62 its...