“…MA also assists learners in recognizing the form-meaning links, identifying a syntactic category of the words, and producing new words in language use (Hayashi & Murphy, 2011;Schmitt & Meara, 1997;Sukying, 2017Sukying, , 2022. However, most studies have explored MA in native English children and L2 tertiary learners (Danilović, Savić, & Dimitrijević, 2013;Hayashi & Murphy, 2011;Mochizuki & Aizawa, 2000;Schmitt & Zimmerman, 2002;Sukying, 2018bSukying, , 2020Ward & Chuenjundaeng, 2009). However, little research has been conducted to explore primary school students' MA, particularly in an English as a foreign (EFL) context.…”