Aflatoxin analysis by LC-MS of local and imported black tea sold in Turkey

Takim, Kasım; Aydemi̇r, Mehmet Emin

doi:10.31015/jaefs.2021.4.24

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Very few studies in the literature assessed mycotoxins in tea. In Turkey, no total aflatoxin or aflatoxin B1 was determined in 79 tea samples [ 43 ]. A recent Iranian study revealed that among 97 tea samples, 36% and 38% reported OTA with a maximum level of 0.51 and 4.7 µg/kg in green and black tea, respectively, which were lower than findings in this study [ 44 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin

Hassan,

Tashani,

Ballouk

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Tea is among the oldest and most-known beverages around the world, and it has many flavors and types. Tea can be easily contaminated in any of its production steps, especially with mycotoxins that are produced particularly in humid and warm environments. This study aims to examine the level of ochratoxin A (OTA) and total aflatoxin (AF) contamination in black and green tea sold in Lebanon, evaluate its safety compared to international standards, and assess the effect of different variables on the levels of OTA and AFs. For this, the Lebanese market was screened and all tea brands (n = 37; 24 black and 13 green) were collected twice. The Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) method was used to determine OTA and AFs in the samples. AFs and OTA were detected in 28 (75.7%) and 31 (88.6%) samples, respectively. The average of AFs in the positive (above detection limit: 1.75 μg/kg) samples was 2.66 ± 0.15 μg/kg, while the average of OTA in the positive (above detection limit: 1.6 μg/kg) samples was 3.74 ± 0.72 μg/kg. The mean AFs in black and green tea were 2.65 ± 0.55 and 2.54 ± 0.40 μg/kg, respectively, while for OTA, the mean levels were 3.67 ± 0.96 and 3.46 ± 1.09 μg/kg in black and green tea samples, respectively. Four brands (10.8%) contained total aflatoxin levels above the EU limit (4 μg/kg). As for OTA, all samples had OTA levels below the Chinese limit (5 μg/kg). No significant association (p > 0.05) was found between OTA and tea type, level of packaging, country of origin, country of packing, and country of distribution. However, AF contamination was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in unpacked tea, and in brands where the country of origin, packing, and distributor was in Asia. The results showed that the tea brands in Lebanon are relatively safe in terms of AFs and OTA.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin

Hassan,

Tashani,

Ballouk

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…(Takım & Aydemir, 2018 ; Üstün & Demirci, 2013 ) Approximately two‐thirds of the global population partakes in drinking tea. Tea is believed to have originated in China and India, with its homeland located in Assam (Takım & Aydemir, 2021 ; Üstün & Demirci, 2013 ). Although the tea plant is generally cultivated in China, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Vietnam, Indonesia, Russia, Japan, Myanmar, Turkey, Bangladesh, Iran, Argentina, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Thailand, Nepal, Rwanda, Burundi, and Ethiopia, tea production is chiefly centered in nations like India, China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Kenya, and Japan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of phenolic components of black teas of different origins and the effect of brewing duration on quality properties

Aydemir,

Takım,

Yılmaz

2023

Food Science & Nutrition

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This research aims to identify the phytochemical constituents of 79 different samples of black tea, including varieties from India, Iran (IrT), Turkey (TT), and Sri Lanka. In addition, this study investigates the effect of varying brewing times on the quality characteristics of tea. Therefore, we analyzed the phytochemical content of tea using a novel LC–MS/MS method that we developed, which identifies 53 different phenolic compounds. Furthermore, objective evaluations were conducted on the total phenolic compound, total flavonoid compound, antioxidant activity, and color values at 15, 30, and 60‐min brewing intervals. The prevailing phenolic compounds discovered in the corresponding tea classifications were quantitatively analyzed to be quinic acid, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, nicotiflorine, and isoquercitrin. The study found that the TT and IrT groups had the richest phytochemical content and the highest antioxidant activity. The Turkish tea group had the highest measurement for the desired red color, which is considered a sensory property. Infusion color, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed significant increases with prolonged brewing time. It was important to note that the chemical composition of tea varies according to its origin and brewing conditions. Extending the brewing time improved the quality of the tea. It should be noted, however, that longer brewing times result in a more intense release of flavonoids, and this increase may have a pro‐oxidant effect.

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“…India, China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Kenya, and Japan are the countries where the tea plant is commonly grown, and tea production is intense. A total of 80% of tea is produced in these countries [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS and LC-MS Pesticide Analysis of Black Teas Originating from Sri Lanka, Iran, Turkey, and India

Takim

Aydemi̇r

2022

Toxics

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The purpose of this study is to investigate pesticide residues in the imported and domestic tea sold in Turkey and to detect their compliance with maximum residue limits (MRL) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). A total of 79 samples were analyzed by using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS devices with AOAC 2007.01 method to investigate 603 pesticide residues. According to the results, pesticide residues were found in a total of 28 tea samples. Pesticide residues were found in the countries of origin at the rates as follows: Iran (100%), India (33.3%) and Sri Lanka (17.3%). No pesticide residue was detected in the tea produced in Turkey. The compounds such as Diuron, Ethion, Cypermethrin, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Fenpyroximate, Acetamiprid, Imidacloprid, Flubendiamide, Deltamethrin and Hexythiazox were detected in positive samples. Seven types of pesticide residues exceeded the MRL determined by the Turkish Food Codex for 15 types (53.57%) for 28 samples with pesticide residue detected. Additionally, 4 types of pesticide residues were determined to exceed the ADI determined by the Codex Alimentarius for 13 (46.42%) of 28 samples with pesticide residue detected. These results have showed that the imported tea entering Turkey was not adequately analyzed in the customs control laboratories or the maximum residual limits were not clearly determined.

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Aflatoxin analysis by LC-MS of local and imported black tea sold in Turkey

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin

Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin

Characterization of phenolic components of black teas of different origins and the effect of brewing duration on quality properties

GC-MS and LC-MS Pesticide Analysis of Black Teas Originating from Sri Lanka, Iran, Turkey, and India

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