Aflatoxins in breast milk, neonatal cord blood, and serum of pregnant women

Lamplugh, S.M.; Hendrickse, R. G.; Apeagyei, F.; Mwanmut, D D

doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6627.968

Cited by 95 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Other studies show associations between aflatoxins and stillbirths (Lamplugh et al 1988;Vries et al 1989), liver cirrhosis (Kuniholm et al 2008), jaundice in newborns (Abdulrazzaq et al 2004;Abulu et al 1998;Ahmed et al 1995;Sodeinde et al 1995) and immunosuppression (Jiang et al 2005;Turner et al 2003).…”

Section: Cgiar Agricultural Research On Food Safety and Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 94%

International agricultural research to reduce food risks: case studies on aflatoxins

et al. 2015

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Despite massive expansion of human and livestock populations, fuelled by agricultural innovations, nearly one billion people are hungry and 2 billion are sickened each year from the food they eat. Agricultural and food systems are intimately connected to health outcomes, but health policy and programs often stop at the clinic door. A consensus is growing that the disconnection between agriculture, health and nutrition is at least partly responsible for the disease burden associated with food and farming. Mycotoxins produced by fungi are one of the most serious food safety problems affecting staple crops (especially maize and groundnuts).Aflatoxins, the best studied of these mycotoxins, cause around 90,000 cases of liver cancer each year and are strongly associated with stunting and immune suppression in children. Mycotoxins also cause major economic disruptions through their impacts on trade and livestock production. In this paper we use the case of fungal toxins to explore how agricultural research can produce innovations, understand incentives and enable institutions to improve, simultaneously, food safety, food accessibility for poor consumers and access to markets for smallholder farmers, thus making the case for research investors to support research into agricultural approaches for enhancing food safety in value chains. We first discuss the evolution of food safety research within the CGIAR. Then we show how taking an epidemiological and economic perspective on aflatoxin research connects health and nutrition outcomes. Finally, we present three case studies illustrating the traditional strengths of CGIAR research: breeding better varieties and developing new technologies.

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Section: Cgiar Agricultural Research On Food Safety and Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 94%

International agricultural research to reduce food risks: case studies on aflatoxins

et al. 2015

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“…Even the unborn are exposed to aflatoxins and its associated burdens. Women may expose their unborn child to aflatoxins during pregnancy and through breastfeeding, if they consume aflatoxin contaminated foods (Gong et al, 2003;Lamplugh et al, 1988;Oluwafemi and Ibeh, 2011). Food insecurity frequently forces people to consume contaminated foods because no other food options are available.…”

Section: Aflatoxins In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological control of aflatoxins in Africa: current status and potential challenges in the face of climate change

Bandyopadhyay

Ortega‐Beltran

Akande

et al. 2016

WMJ

254

311

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Aflatoxin contamination of crops is frequent in warm regions across the globe, including large areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Crop contamination with these dangerous toxins transcends health, food security, and trade sectors. It cuts across the value chain, affecting farmers, traders, markets, and finally consumers. Diverse fungi within Aspergillus section Flavi contaminate crops with aflatoxins. Within these Aspergillus communities, several genotypes are not capable of producing aflatoxins (atoxigenic). Carefully selected atoxigenic genotypes in biological control (biocontrol) formulations efficiently reduce aflatoxin contamination of crops when applied prior to flowering in the field. This safe and environmentally friendly, effective technology was pioneered in the US, where well over a million acres of susceptible crops are treated annually. The technology has been improved for use in sub-Saharan Africa, where efforts are under way to develop biocontrol products, under the trade name Aflasafe, for 11 African nations. The number of participating nations is expected to increase. In parallel, state of the art technology has been developed for large-scale inexpensive manufacture of Aflasafe products under the conditions present in many African nations. Results to date indicate that all Aflasafe products, registered and under experimental use, reduce aflatoxin concentrations in treated crops by >80% in comparison to untreated crops in both field and storage conditions. Benefits of aflatoxin biocontrol technologies are discussed along with potential challenges, including climate change, likely to be faced during the scaling-up of Aflasafe products. Lastly, we respond to several apprehensions expressed in the literature about the use of atoxigenic genotypes in biocontrol formulations. These responses relate to the following apprehensions: sorghum as carrier, distribution costs, aflatoxin-conscious markets, efficacy during drought, post-harvest benefits, risk of allergies and/or aspergillosis, influence of Aflasafe on other mycotoxins and on soil microenvironment, dynamics of Aspergillus genotypes, and recombination between atoxigenic and toxigenic genotypes in natural conditions.

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“…Infection with hepatitis B virus is almost universal during childhood in West Africa, and Lung (mj Skin (172-1731 Breast Cervix uteri (180) Prostate (185) Bladder (188) Eye (1 90) Lymphomas (200)(201)(202) Leukaemias (204)(205)(206)(207)(208) All sites a high proportion of the adult population are chronic carriers of HBsAg (Barin et al, 1981;Whittle et al, 1983). Aflatoxin is also probably important in the aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (IARC, 1987) and studies elsewhere in West Africa have suggested considerable population exposure (Lamplugh et al, 1988;Wild et al, 1990). The incidence of stomach cancer is moderately high by world standards, similar to the incidence seen in US blacks (Muir et al, 1987), and the highest so far recorded in Africa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cancer in Mali, 1987–1988

Bayo

Parkin

Koumaré³

et al. 1990

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Results from the population cancer registry in Bamako, Mali, for the years 1987 and 1988, are presented. The age-standardized incidence for all cancers is high compared with rates reported elsewhere in West Africa (119.6 per 10(5) in males and 88.3 per 10(5) in females), but the leading cancers in each sex are the same (liver cancer in males, cervix cancer in females). The incidence of stomach cancer is the highest recorded in Africa, while rates for lung cancer, although low, exceed those in earlier series from registries in the region.

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Aflatoxins in breast milk, neonatal cord blood, and serum of pregnant women

Cited by 95 publications

References 2 publications

International agricultural research to reduce food risks: case studies on aflatoxins

International agricultural research to reduce food risks: case studies on aflatoxins

Biological control of aflatoxins in Africa: current status and potential challenges in the face of climate change

Cancer in Mali, 1987–1988

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