African-American Photo Coverage in Four U.S. Newspapers, 1937–1990

Lester, Paul Martin

doi:10.1177/107769909407100211

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Of the 38% of newscasts in which a crime scene was depicted, 56% of these portrayed a Black crime scene (Blacks as perpetrators of crime or as the victims) and were accompanied by evocative visual images (e.g., Black criminals being handcuffed, Black gunshot victims, police cruisers with flashing lights). These findings fit with Romer, Jamieson, and Downloaded by [University of Aberdeen] at 00:09 17 November 2014 de Coteau's (1998) research which confirms the greater presence of persons of color, especially Black Americans, in stories about crime (see also Entman, 1993;Lester, 1994). Other visual fillers used to boost the "Crime and the Culture of Violence" package came from a series of random massacres that have occurred during the last decade, from the Long Island Railroad incident to the much-discussed California law office killings.…”

Section: Output: Patterns Of Media Coveragesupporting

confidence: 88%

Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse

Callaghan¹

2001

Political Communication

198

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Section: Output: Patterns Of Media Coveragesupporting

confidence: 88%

Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse

Callaghan¹

2001

Political Communication

198

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“…In regard to the study of news photographs, most research in this area falls into one of five areas: in-depth study of one news image (see, e.g., Dauber, 2001; Hariman & Lucaites, 2003); study of related ethical considerations, such as violence, manipulation, or diversity (see, e.g., Lester, 1994; Newton, 2005; Reaves, 1987; Wischrnann, 1987); study of practices of photojournalists or editors (see, e.g., Fahmy, 2005; King & Lester, 2005); study of technological impact (see, e.g., Davenport, Randle, & Bossen, 2007); and study of effects.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photographic Framing in the Stem Cell Debate

Dahmen

2011

American Behavioral Scientist

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A growing body of research examines media framing of key scientific issues of our time, specifically, those issues that include political and moral components, such as global climate change and stem cell research. In regard to the mass media, framing refers to the process by which the media organize and make sense of the news, which has an effect on how audiences perceive that news. The majority of framing research examines textual news. Little examines the content and effects of photographic news. This study uses a pretest-posttest experimental design to test for effects of photographic framing in the stem cell research debate. In addition, the study combines a traditional framing effects study with eye-tracking data to provide for a new dimension of framing effects research. Results did not show significant effects between experimental condition and participant perception of the predominant issues in the stem cell research debate or participant perception of the message. However, on the basis of eye-tracking data, photographic framing did have a significant effect on participants' visual attention to the given photograph. Study findings suggest that eye-tracking methodology can be an important tool to further our understanding of media effects beyond that provided by traditional methods.

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“…For example, African Americans are depicted as sources of threat and burdens to society (Hartmann & Husband, 1974) who are poverty stricken (Gilens, 1996) and unsuccessful or substantially poorer than is really the case (Entman, 1992;Entman, 1994). African Americans are also underrepresented in business and political news stories, and are over-represented in stories about sports, entertainment and crime (Lester, 1994;Lester & Smith, 1990).…”

Section: Ethnic Stereotypes and Emotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News Photos

Rodgers¹,

Kenix

Thorson³

2007

Mass Communication and Society

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This research content analyzed the news photographs of a major US daily newspaper to examine the emotional portrayals of individuals in different gender, age and ethnic subgroups. A multidimensional measure of emotion (pleasure, arousal, dominance) was used. A total of 1,595 individuals were coded. The results demonstrate that emotionality was stereotyped to some degree, particularly in relation to females, ethnic minorities and senior citizens. Specifically, African Americans were depicted as excited whereas Asian Americans were seen as calm.Females were portrayed as happy and teens were shown as sad. The results support the social construction of emotion and suggest that the news media play a role in framing and constructing emotional meaning with regard to different subgroups in American society. Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News PhotosResearch on visual stereotypes abounds but surprisingly few studies have examined emotionality and stereotypes in photographs. Pictures are emotional representations of reality that convey important information about gender, age and ethnic groups (Blackwood, 1983).Emotions refer to specific feelings conveyed by individuals who are photographed-whether happy or sad, excited or calm, or submissive or dominant.Research has demonstrated that visual images can influence public knowledge (Iyengar, 1991) and enhance viewers' recall of news stories (Graber, 1990), suggesting that visual imagery plays an important role in helping news consumers make sense of the world around them (Matthews & Reuss, 1985). A clear benefit of visual communication is its ability to transcend textual limitations and convey emotions in addition to factual evidence (Lester, 2000). However, this field of research has not progressed past early constructions of emotionality (Wanta & Leggett, 1989). Because news photos are often scanned first (Miller, 1975) and can contain highly vivid images that can form long-lasting impressions on memory (Lester, 2000), it is important to examine the emotional content of photos to determine whether different subgroups in America are marginalized or stereotyped in relation to their emotions.Our purpose is to extend the literature on stereotypes by drawing upon a long-standing multi-dimensional conceptualization of emotion used extensively in psychology. Known as PAD (pleasure, arousal, dominance), the idea was to examine how individuals of different genders, ages and ethnicities are framed in terms of their emotions. We argue that the expression of emotion is biological and cultural-biological in terms of gender, age and ethnicity and cultural in terms of newsroom decisions that translate to emotional depictions of individuals in different gender, age and ethnic groups. For instance, we expect that there will be different kinds of events 4 across the sections of the newspaper that will translate to emotions expressed by different genders, ages and ethnicities represented within those sections. Trends in the multi-dimensional levels of emotional representa...

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African-American Photo Coverage in Four U.S. Newspapers, 1937–1990

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse

Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse

Photographic Framing in the Stem Cell Debate

Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News Photos

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