Afterword to varicocele and male infertility: current concepts and future perspectives

Esteves, Sandro C.; Agarwal, Ashok

doi:10.4103/1008-682x.172820

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Worldwide, approximately 10-15% of couples suffer from infertility, and male infertility contributes to more than half of these cases (Inhorn & Patrizio, 2015). Male infertility may have a variety of causes, including azoospermia, oligospermia, asthenospermia, orchitis, and varicocele (Esteves & Agarwal, 2016;Wu et al, 2016). The pathogenesis of the male diseases listed above is usually derived from two factors: a genetic factor (Liu et al, 2015;Meng et al, 2015) and an environmental factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia‐induced apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes is mediated by HIF‐1α through a death receptor pathway and a mitochondrial pathway

Yin

Liao

et al. 2017

Journal Cellular Physiology

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Hypoxia in vivo induces oligozoospermia, azoospermia, and degeneration of the germinal epithelium, but the underlying molecular mechanism of this induction is not fully clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of mouse GC-2spd (GC-2) cells and the relationship between HIF-1α and apoptosis of GC-2 cells induced by hypoxia. GC-2 cells were subjected to 1% oxygen for 48 hr. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, TUNEL staining, LDH, caspase-3/8/9 in the absence and presence of HIF-1α siRNA. The protein levels of apoptosis-related markers were determined by Western blot in the presence and absence of HIF-1α siRNA. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential change was observed by in situ JC-1 staining. Cell viability was assessed upon treatment of caspase-8 and 9 inhibitors. The results indicated that hypoxia at 1% oxygen for 48 hr induced apoptosis of GC-2 cells. A prolonged exposure of GC-2 cells to hypoxic conditions caused downregulation of c-FLIP, D R and Bcl-2 and upregulation of DR , TRAIL, Fas, p53, and Bax, with an overproduction of caspase-3/8/9. Moreover, hypoxia at this level had an effect on mitochondrial depolarization. In addition, specific inhibitors of caspase-8/9 partially suppressed hypoxia-induced GC-2 cell apoptosis, and the anti-apoptotic effects of the caspase inhibitors were additive. Of note, HIF-1α knockdown attenuated hypoxia and induced apoptosis of GC-2 cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway, which are likely mediated by HIF-1α, contribute to hypoxia-induced GC-2 cell apoptosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia‐induced apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes is mediated by HIF‐1α through a death receptor pathway and a mitochondrial pathway

Yin

Liao

et al. 2017

Journal Cellular Physiology

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“…A combination of several factors affects spermatogenesis and sperm function, and the relative involvement of these factors is different in each patient[4,7,8,25]. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms resulting in impairment of spermatogenesis in left varicocele have been proposed, including heat stress, notch signaling, cadmium accumulation, insufficiency of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, retrograde flow of adrenal or renal metabolites, possible disruptions of blood-testis barrier, testicular hypoxia and alterations in testicular extracellular fluid dynamics[4,7,8,25]. Interstitial lesions, including the proliferation of Leydig cells, thickening of the tubular basement membrane and blood vessel wall with luminal narrowing, and increased deposition of interstitial collagen fibers may also play an important role in varicocele-related testicular dysfunction[25].…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current evidence suggests the primary role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resultant oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of varicocele-associated male infertility[4,7,8,18,25,26]. Excessive ROS has also been associated with sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), which may mediate the clinical manifestation of poor sperm function and infertility related to varicocele[4,7,8,18,25-27].…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are numerous surgical and non-surgical techniques for treating clinically significant varicocele, although there is no consensus on which might be considered the treatment of choice[4,5,7,8,11,25,76-78]. Microsurgical varicocelectomy is the most recommended type of therapy and is associated with fewer complications and lower recurrence rates, compared to the other techniques[4,11].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential role of imaging in assessing harmful effects on spermatogenesis in adult testes with varicocele

Tsili

Xiropotamou

Sylakos

et al. 2017

WJR

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Varicocele is characterized by an abnormal dilatation and retrograde blood flow in the spermatic veins. Varicocele is the leading correctable cause of male infertility. Although it is highly prevalent in infertile men, it is also observed in individuals with normal fertility. Determining which men are negatively affected by varicocele would enable clinicians to better select those men who will benefit from treatment. To assess the functional status of the testes in men with varicocele, color Doppler sonographic parameters were evaluated. Testicular arterial blood flow was significantly reduced in men with varicocele, reflecting an impairment of spermatogenesis. An improvement in the testicular blood supply was found after varicocelectomy on spectral Doppler analysis. Testicular contrast harmonic imaging and elastography might improve our knowledge about the influence of varicocele on intratesticular microcirculation and tissue stiffness, respectively, providing possible information on the early damage of testicular structure by varicocele. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient has been used to assess the degree of testicular dysfunction and to evaluate the effectiveness of varicocele repair. Large prospective studies are needed to validate the possible role of functional sonography and MRI in the assessment of early defects of spermatogenesis in testes with varicocele.

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“…It can be divided into the adult type and juvenile type, and often occurs in the left side of testis (rate, 77–92%) (1). Several causes have been identified for this disease including absence or dysfunction of spermatic vein valve, weakness of vein wall and connective tissues around the vein wall, cremaster hypoplasia and spermatic vein return resulting from erect posture (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment effect of TUSPLV on recurrent varicocele

Yan

Wang

2016

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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The aim of the study was to analyze the treatment effect of transumbilical single-port laparoscopic varicocelectomy (TUSPLV) on recurrent varicocele (VC). In order to compare the surgical effects of TUSPLV to traditional retroperitoneal ligation of the internal spermatic vein, 64 patients with recurrent VC were enrolled and divided into the control group (n=30) and the observation group (n=34). Patients in the control group underwent surgery using traditional retroperitoneal ligation of the internal spermatic vein, while those in the observation group underwent surgery using TUSPLV. The results showed that the time of operation and bleeding volume in the observation group were significantly lower. The occurrence and recurrence rates of periprocedural complications were considerably lower in the observation group. Differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In terms of the pregnancy rate, the difference between the 2 groups had no statistical significance (P>0.05). We concluded that employing TUSPLV to treat recurrent VC was safe and effective.

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Afterword to varicocele and male infertility: current concepts and future perspectives

Cited by 36 publications

References 33 publications

Hypoxia‐induced apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes is mediated by HIF‐1α through a death receptor pathway and a mitochondrial pathway

Hypoxia‐induced apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes is mediated by HIF‐1α through a death receptor pathway and a mitochondrial pathway

Potential role of imaging in assessing harmful effects on spermatogenesis in adult testes with varicocele

Treatment effect of TUSPLV on recurrent varicocele

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