Organic dyes are
ubiquitous pollutants in various aquatic environments
as they are produced in abundance and used widely. In the present
work, the degradation and mineralization of various organic dyes such
as methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB),
following the electron beam irradiation method in the presence of
a graphitic carbon nitride/carbon nanodots/Fe(II) (CN/CD
3
/Fe
6
) composite, were studied. The removal efficiency
of MB reached 81.7% under conditions of electron beam irradiation
(EBI) when the total irradiation dose was 5 kGy. This increased to
91.2% in the presence of the CN/CD
3
/Fe
6
composite.
The mineralization efficiency increased from 30.1 to 47.3% when the
composite was added, and the total irradiation dose was 20 kGy. The
removal efficiency of organic dyes was not significantly affected
in the pH range of 3–11. Results from cyclic experiments conducted
using MB degradation indicated that the CN/CD
3
/Fe
6
composite exhibited good stability and reusability even after five
irradiation cycles. Results from scavenging experiments revealed that
•
OH was the predominant reactive species during the
MB degradation process. Intermediates produced in the synergistic
system (EBI&CN/CD
3
/Fe
6
system) consisting
of the CN/CD
3
/Fe
6
composite and EBI were detected
using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique.
Based on the results, the possible degradation mechanism and pathways
for MB were proposed.