Agar disk elution method for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium fortuitum complex to sulfonamides and antibiotics

Stone, Mary Seabury; Wallace, Richard J.; Swenson, Jana M.; Thornsberry, Clyde; Christensen, L A

doi:10.1128/aac.24.4.486

Cited by 56 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In some studies, the methods used were those designed for slowly growing mycobacteria, such as the proportion method on solid media and in BACTEC liquid media (10). In contrast, in other studies, the methods used for antibiotic susceptibility testing of M. marinum were those designed for rapidly growing mycobacteria, such as broth microdilution (14), disk diffusion, agar disk elution (22), or agar dilution using a Steers replicator (20,25). M. marinum grows rapidly enough, indeed, to be tested by the method used for rapidly growing mycobacteria, despite the fact that it belongs to the slowly growing mycobacteria on the basis on genetic and mycolic acid analysis (5,21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Mycobacterium marinum

Aubry

Jarlier

Escolano

et al. 2000

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

116

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In vitro activities of 17 antibiotics against 53 clinical strains of Mycobacterium marinum, an atypical mycobacterium responsible for cutaneous infections, were determined using the reference agar dilution method. Rifampin and rifabutin were the most active drugs (MICs at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited [MIC 90 s], 0.5 and 0.6 g/ml, respectively). MICs of minocycline (MIC 90 , 4 g/ml), doxycycline (MIC 90 , 16 g/ ml), clarithromycin (MIC 90 , 4 g/ml), sparfloxacin (MIC 90 , 2 g/ml), moxifloxacin (MIC 90 , 1 g/ml), imipenem (MIC 90 , 8 g/ml), sulfamethoxazole (MIC 90 , 8 g/ml) and amikacin (MIC 90 , 4 g/ml) were close to the susceptibility breakpoints. MICs of isoniazid, ethambutol, trimethoprim, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin were above the concentrations usually obtained in vivo. For each drug, the MIC 50 , geometric mean MIC, and modal MIC were very close, showing that all the strains had a similar susceptibility pattern. Percent agreement (within ؎1 log 2 dilution) between MICs yielded by the Etest method and by the agar dilution method used as reference were 83, 59, 43, and 24% for minocycline, rifampin, clarithromycin, and sparfloxacin, respectively. Reproducibility with the Etest was low, in contrast to that with the agar dilution method. In conclusion, M. marinum is a naturally multidrug-resistant species for which the agar dilution method is more accurate than the Etest for antibiotic susceptibility testing.Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical photochromogenic mycobacterium belonging to group I of Runyon's classification (18). This mycobacterium was successively named M. piscium, M. marinum (1), M. platypoecilus, M. anabanti, and M. balnei. Comparative sugar fermentative reaction data together with published morphological, cultural, and pathogenic data suggested that they were all synonymous with M. marinum (17). M. marinum inhabits fresh and salt water and causes disease in many fish species and occasionally in humans (24, 28). Human infections are generally limited to cutaneous diseases and are referred to as "swimming pool granuloma" and "fish tank granuloma" in reference to the epidemiology and the inoculation mode (24, 28). The frequency of M. marinum in bacteriology laboratories is low, since less than 1% of the mycobacterial clinical isolates belong to this species (11). Susceptibility data on M. marinum are scarce and rely upon the small numbers of strains and antibiotics tested (20,23,25). As a consequence, intrinsic antibiotic susceptibilities of M. marinum are not well defined, and methods for their routine determination have not been evaluated.In this study we looked for the antibiotic susceptibilities of 53 clinical isolates of M. marinum by determining the MICs of 17 antibiotics using the agar dilution method. Antibiotics tested were tetracyclines, rifampin, and cotrimoxazole, which were reported to be effective for treating M. marinum infections (8), and antimycobacterial antibiotics active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isoniazid, rifabutin, ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Mycobacterium marinum

Aubry

Jarlier

Escolano

et al. 2000

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

116

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“…We have previously shown that agar and broth microdilution methods work well when applied to M. fortuitum and M. chelonae (19) and that antimicrobial agents other than antituberculosis agents should be tested. However, we do prefer the broth test because M. chelonae grows better in broth than on agar, especially if no supplements such as oleic acid-albumin-glucose (dextrose)-catalase are added (OADC) (18,19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial susceptibility of five subgroups of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae

Swenson¹,

Wallace²,

Silcox³

et al. 1985

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

Self Cite

230

103

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Broth microdilution MICs were determined for 258 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium fortuitum (3 biovariants) and M. chelonae (2 subspecies) with amikacin, tobramycin, cefoxitin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and with several new jI-lactams and aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin. Variations in susceptibility by and within species subgroups confirm the need for susceptibility testing against clinically important strains.The role of the rapidly growing mycobacteria Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. chelonae (formerly M. chelonei) as agents of human disease has been clearly established (22). Except for the aminoglycosides, these organisms are resistant to the antituberculosis agents, and testing against these drugs is no longer indicated (19). However, they are susceptible to some drugs not routinely tested in laboratories specializing in mycobacteriology; these agents have been shown to be effective in the treatment of human disease (8, 9, 19, 21a). Because the susceptibilities of M. fortuitum and M. chelonae to these agents varies, testing clinically important strains as an aid in determining a therapeutic regimen is important. Although the need to identify organisms of the M. fortuitum complex to subspecies and even species level remains controversial (11,17), previous studies have suggested that patterns of susceptibility may relate in part to differences between species, subspecies, and biovariants (17,19,20,21,23,24).Between 1978 and 1982, more than 250 strains of rapidly growing mycobacteria were received in our laboratories for identification and susceptibility testing. In this report, we present the antimicrobial susceptibilities of organisms that were identified to the subspecies or subgroup level as determined by a broth microdilution method. Our results provide susceptibility data on a large number of organisms and confirm the need to determine the susceptibilities of M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. In addition, the results show that each species subgroup has a fairly typical pattern of susceptibility.MATERIALS AND METHODS Ot-ganisms. Isolates were submitted to our laboratories for either identification or antimicrobial susceptibility determination, or both. Organisms were identified by standard methods (17), except that the unnamed third biovariant of M. fortuitum was expanded to a complex which includes isolates positive for two or more carbohydrates (mannitol, inositol, or citrate). The strains and number included were M. fortuitum biovariant fortuitum, 98; M. fortuitum biovariant peregrinum, 8; M. fortuitum third biovariant complex, 19; M. chelonae subsp. abscessus, 99; and M. chelonae subsp. chelonae, 34. A small number of these strains were included in our previous study (19). Isolates of the M. chelonae-like * Corresponding author. group were not included in this report because results with most of these strains were reported earlier (9). Aspects of clinical disease and results of therapy for many of these isolates have been reported (8, 9, 21a, 22).The organisms were st...

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“…Susceptibility testing is then performed by applying the method of proportions with a inoculum that averages 100 to 400 CFU/ml (167). The advantages of this method are that it utilizes materials and commercial drug disks readily available in most susceptibility laboratories and that the plates may be prepared on demand.…”

Section: Susceptibility Testing For Clinical Purposesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Taxonomic Status of Pathogenic Nonpigmented or Late-Pigmenting Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria

2002

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The history, taxonomy, geographic distribution, clinical disease, and therapy of the pathogenic nonpigmented or late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are reviewed. Community-acquired disease and health care-associated disease are highlighted for each species. The latter grouping includes health care-associated outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks as well as sporadic disease cases. Treatment recommendations for each species and type of disease are also described. Special emphasis is on the Mycobacterium fortuitum group, including M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, and the unnamed third biovariant complex with its recent taxonomic changes and newly recognized species (including M. septicum, M. mageritense, and proposed species M. houstonense and M. bonickei). The clinical and taxonomic status of M. chelonae, M. abscessus, and M. mucogenicum is also detailed, along with that of the closely related new species, M. immunogenum. Additionally, newly recognized species, M. wolinskyi and M. goodii, as well as M. smegmatis sensu stricto, are included in a discussion of the M. smegmatis group. Laboratory diagnosis of RGM using phenotypic methods such as biochemical testing and high-performance liquid chromatography and molecular methods of diagnosis are also discussed. The latter includes PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, hybridization, ribotyping, and sequence analysis. Susceptibility testing and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the RGM are also annotated, along with the current recommendations from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) for mycobacterial susceptibility testing

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Agar disk elution method for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium fortuitum complex to sulfonamides and antibiotics

Cited by 56 publications

References 25 publications

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Mycobacterium marinum

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Mycobacterium marinum

Antimicrobial susceptibility of five subgroups of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae

Clinical and Taxonomic Status of Pathogenic Nonpigmented or Late-Pigmenting Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria

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