Agaricus brasiliensis polysaccharides stimulate human monocytes to capture Candida albicans, express toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines

Abstract

Background Agaricus brasiliensis is a medicinal mushroom with immunomodulatory and antitumor activities attributed to the β-glucans presented in the polysaccharide fraction of its fruiting body. Since β-glucans enhance cellular immunoresponsiveness, in this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of an acid-treated polysaccharide-rich fraction (ATF) of A. brasiliensis on the ability of human monocytes to adhere/phagocyte C. albicans yeast cells, their expression of pattern recognition receptors and their ability to produce cytokines.MethodsAdhesion/phagocytosis of FITC-labeled C. albicans was evaluated by flow cytometry. Cells were incubated with specific fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for TLR2 and 4, βGR and MR and also evaluated by flow cytometry. Monocytes were cultured with ATF, and culture supernatants were collected for analysis of in vitro cytokine production by ELISA (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10).ResultsATF significantly increased the adherence/phagocytosis of C. albicans by monocytes and this was associated with enhanced expression of TLR2 and TLR4, while no effect was observed on βGR or MR. Moreover, expression of TLR4 and TLR2 was associated with higher levels of in vitro production of TNF-α and IL-1, respectively. Production of IL-10 was also increased by ATF treatment, but we found no association between its production and the expression of Toll-like receptors.ConclusionOur results provided us with evidence that A. brasiliensis polysaccharides affect human monocytes probably through the modulation of Toll-like receptors.

Shaping the Innate Immune Response by Dietary Glucans: Any Role in the Control of Cancer?

“…This enhanced immune response is accomplished by an increased proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and an enhanced oxidative burst, as mainly demonstrated in mouse models [38]. As shown in Table 1, biologically active fungal β-glucans found in edible mushrooms (e.g., Agaricus brasiliensis, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus blazei, Flammulina velutipes) can enhance inflammatory cytokine production in monocytes [39][40][41]43,44] as well as in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) [40]. Furthermore, Minato and colleagues have recently explored the functional effect of Pleurotus citrinopileatus polysaccharide (PCPS) on monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, finding that PCPS can direct Dectin-1 and TLR2-mediated differentiation of monocytes toward a macrophage cell population with reduced proinflammatory capacity [43].…”

“…The regulation of additional cellular responses by mushroom-derived β-glucans in monocytes and DC has been also described. Specifically, β-glucans from Agaricus brasiliensis, Agaricus blazei or Flammulina velutipes extracts with immunomodulatory and antitumor activities, significantly increase the adherence and phagocytosis by monocytes [39][40][41] and enhance ROS production in monocytes and macrophages [40], while water-soluble components from Armillariella mellea or Hericium erinaceum decrease the MDDC endocytic capacity [46,47]. Besides β-glucans from yeasts and mushrooms, also those derived from cereals influence MDDC functions.…”

The Strategies of Natural Polysaccharide in Wound Healing

“…Once binding to the dectin-1, as the most important receptor, β-glucan stimulates the production of many cytokines or activates other immune and nonimmune reaction mechanisms [69]. Martins et al demonstrated that a polysaccharide-rich fraction of Agaricus brasiliensis is able to regulate the host response by activating both pro-and antiinflammatory mechanisms, thus increasing the production of TNF-α and IL-1β by human monocytes through modulation of Toll-like receptor 4 and Toll-like receptor 2 expression [70]. In addition, even after TLR blockade, these polysaccharides still activated the monocytes to produce considerable levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10.…”

Comparação Das Características Físico-Químicas E Atividade Antioxidante De Frutas Orgânicas E Convencionais

“…4 | DISCUSSÃONeste estudo, mesmo que de forma ligeira, que o cogumelo A. brasiliensis provou ser capaz de modular a resposta imunológica de tilápias do Nilo no que diz respeito ao A. brasiliensis(MARTINS, 2017; tenha sido perdida em teleósteos(TANEKHY, 2016), explicando assim, a resposta imunomoduladora baixa frente a suplementação.Outro fato que deve ser levado em consideração e de que para imunoestimulantes, como o β-glucanos, a via de administração é um fator determinante na resposta imunológica, principalmente tratando-se de tilápias, uma vez que a oferta de imunoestimulantes via alimentação produz efeito atenuante nas células do sistema imunológico quando comparada a oferta via imersão e injeção intraperitoneal, no que diz respeito a contagem de monócitos, leucócitos e linfócitos. (SADO et al, 2016).…”