Agarose-based Gel Electrolytes for Sustainable Primary and Secondary Zinc-Air Batteries

García-Gaitán, Estibaliz; Morant‐Miñana, Maria C.; Frattini, Domenico; Maddalena, Lorenza; Fina, Alberto; Gerbaldi, Claudio; Cantero, I.; Ortiz‐Vitoriano, Nagore

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.144870

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…10 −3 S/cm and high electrochemical cyclability of over 7000 cycles [145]. Another algal biopolymer that has been investigated as a potential electrolyte for batteries is an agarose matrix with concentrated KOH as a liquid electrolyte for zinc-air batteries, amongst others [146]. Besides these algal biopolymers, the next Section describes bacterial biopolymers with potential use in batteries.…”

Section: Electrolyte Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers—A Review

Joshi,

Langwald,

Ehrmann

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Algae-based biopolymers can be used in diverse energy-related applications, such as separators and polymer electrolytes in batteries and fuel cells and also as microalgal biofuel, which is regarded as a highly renewable energy source. For these purposes, different physical, thermochemical, and biochemical properties are necessary, which are discussed within this review, such as porosity, high temperature resistance, or good mechanical properties for batteries and high energy density and abundance of the base materials in case of biofuel, along with the environmental aspects of using algae-based biopolymers in these applications. On the other hand, bacterial biopolymers are also often used in batteries as bacterial cellulose separators or as biopolymer network binders, besides their potential use as polymer electrolytes. In addition, they are also regarded as potential sustainable biofuel producers and converters. This review aims at comparing biopolymers from both aforementioned sources for energy conversion and storage. Challenges regarding the production of algal biopolymers include low scalability and low cost-effectiveness, and for bacterial polymers, slow growth rates and non-optimal fermentation processes often cause challenges. On the other hand, environmental benefits in comparison with conventional polymers and the better biodegradability are large advantages of these biopolymers, which suggest further research to make their production more economical.

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Section: Electrolyte Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers—A Review

Joshi,

Langwald,

Ehrmann

et al. 2024

Polymers

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“…Yue et al [75] synthesized a double network hydrogel using agar, graphene oxide, and PVA for Zinc-air batteries to demonstrate both good mechanical strength (388 kPa) and ionic conductivity (75 mS cm −1 ). Furthermore, an agarose biopolymer matrix was developed to directly dissolve in KOH solution, thus avoiding the use of petroleum-based plastics [76].…”

Section: Zn-air Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Minireview of the Solid-State Electrolytes for Zinc Batteries

Yao,

Zheng,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have gained significant recognition as highly promising rechargeable batteries for the future due to their exceptional safety, low operating costs, and environmental advantages. Nevertheless, the widespread utilization of ZIBs for energy storage has been hindered by inherent challenges associated with aqueous electrolytes, including water decomposition reactions, evaporation, and liquid leakage. Fortunately, recent advances in solid-state electrolyte research have demonstrated great potential in resolving these challenges. Moreover, the flexibility and new chemistry of solid-state electrolytes offer further opportunities for their applications in wearable electronic devices and multifunctional settings. Nonetheless, despite the growing popularity of solid-state electrolyte-based-ZIBs in recent years, the development of solid-state electrolytes is still in its early stages. Bridging the substantial gap that exists is crucial before solid-state ZIBs become a practical reality. This review presents the advancements in various types of solid-state electrolytes for ZIBs, including film separators, inorganic additives, and organic polymers. Furthermore, it discusses the performance and impact of solid-state electrolytes. Finally, it outlines future directions for the development of solid-state ZIBs.

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“…8,9 In ZABs, 6−8 M KOH solutions are the most commonly used liquid electrolytes due to their optimal viscosity, conductivity, and possibility to dissolve Zn salts (e.g., zinc acetate) to presaturate the electrolyte with the zinc ion. 10 In previous reports, the progress achieved by gel polymer electrolytes in flexible devices was carefully analyzed. 11 Despite the great progress in the development of various hydrogel electrolytes, the typical "special semi-open" structure in the flexible ZAB easily causes the electrolyte to evaporate quickly during use, 12 resulting in a sharp drop in ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, electrochemical performance, and service life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly, the quasi-solid hydrogel electrolyte is an important medium that connects the cathode and anode and is also the most critical component to achieve the flexibility characteristics of ZABs . There are several polymer substrates used to manufacture hydrogel electrolytes in recent years, including poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), amphoteric polymers (AMPs), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), chitosan (CTS), and so on. , In ZABs, 6–8 M KOH solutions are the most commonly used liquid electrolytes due to their optimal viscosity, conductivity, and possibility to dissolve Zn salts (e.g., zinc acetate) to presaturate the electrolyte with the zinc ion . In previous reports, the progress achieved by gel polymer electrolytes in flexible devices was carefully analyzed .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalently Cross-Linked Supramolecular-Polymer Dual-Network Hydrogel with High Ionic Conductivity and Interfacial Adhesion for Wide Temperature-Tolerant Flexible Zinc–Air Batteries

Zhang,

Tang,

Luo

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Flexible zinc−air batteries (ZABs) have attracted attention because of their intrinsic flexibility, high energy density, and excellent safety performance. However, the hydrogel electrolyte in ZABs usually suffers from shortcomings such as unsatisfactory tensile properties, low ionic conductivity, and poor water retention. Herein, a supramolecular-polymer dual-network hydrogel (G-PBA/PAAm SPDH) with excellent stretchability (>1000%) is prepared by combining a covalent self-assembled guanosine−phenylboronic acid tetramer supramolecular (G-PBA) network with a polyacrylamide (PAAm) network. What is more, the KOH (6 M)-filled G-PBA/PAAm SPDH shows remarkable freezing resistance (completely transparent at −40 °C), superior low-and high-temperature ionic conductivity (186 mS cm −1 at −40 °C and 195 mS cm −1 at 40 °C), good interfacial adhesion, and a satisfactory water retention rate of 70.06% after exposure to room temperature for 1 week. All these excellent properties strongly satisfy the application of G-PBA/PAAm SPDH as a multifunctional hydrogel electrolyte for flexible ZAB. As a result, the flexible ZAB assembled with the G-PBA/PAAm SPDH electrolyte can resist bending at different angles, maintain good electrochemical stability, and reach a high specific capacity (618 mA h g Zn −1 at −40 °C and 680 mA h g Zn −1 at 40 °C).

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Agarose-based Gel Electrolytes for Sustainable Primary and Secondary Zinc-Air Batteries

Cited by 14 publications

References 111 publications

Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers—A Review

Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers—A Review

A Minireview of the Solid-State Electrolytes for Zinc Batteries

Covalently Cross-Linked Supramolecular-Polymer Dual-Network Hydrogel with High Ionic Conductivity and Interfacial Adhesion for Wide Temperature-Tolerant Flexible Zinc–Air Batteries

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