AGC of two area power system interconnected by AC/DC links with diverse sources in each area

AGC of a multi-area multi-source hydrothermal power system interconnected via AC/DC parallel links under deregulated environment

“…Some important advantages of HVDC transmission include controlled huge power transmission between unsynchronized AC distribution systems, no limitation of distance for power transfer, requires less number of conductors, hence it reduces the line cost and can carry more power per conductor than HVAC system. On the other hand, many problems plague the power systems interconnected via long AC tie-lines, like frequent tripping due to power oscillations, large fault current level and reduction in system dynamic performance due to transmission of disturbances among systems [47]. Hence, in order to enhance controllability, one important application of HVDC transmission line is, operating in parallel with an existing AC transmission line acting as AC/DC parallel links interconnecting any two control areas.…”

“…In literature, AGC of a two-area power system interconnected via AC/DC parallel links, is carried out by using optimal AGC regulators in deregulated mode [45,46]. In addition, AC/DC parallel links in conventional power systems are found in the literature employing sliding mode control [14], optimal control [10,[47][48][49], sub-optimal control [50,51] and differential evolution [52] based control techniques.…”

“…Recently some researchers have investigated the AGC of conventional power systems with diverse sources such as hydro, thermal, gas, and nuclear, operating in each control area [14,18,47,[52][53][54][55][56]. Optimal AGC regulators are designed and implemented effectively on a two-area power system with hydrothermal-gas generating units in each area [47].…”

“…Optimal AGC regulators are designed and implemented effectively on a two-area power system with hydrothermal-gas generating units in each area [47]. The study is also performed using differential evolution [52] and particle swarm optimization [53] techniques for AGC of multi-source single/ multi-area power systems.…”

Analysis of derivative control based virtual inertia in multi‐area high‐voltage direct current interconnected power systems

“…Until now several classical and advanced control techniques have been implemented to solve load frequency control (LFC) problem [9][10][11][12]. However, in the case of renewable generations, the lack of sufficient inertia will be the main limitation of grid connected renewable electrical energy systems which gives rise to negative impacts on the power system operation [13].…”