Age- and Gender-Related Differences in the Time Course of Behavioral and Biochemical Effects Produced by Oral Chlorpyrifos in Rats

Moser, Virginia C.; Padilla, Stephanie; Hunter, Deborah L.; Marshall, R. S.; McDaniel, Katherine L.; Phillips, Pamela

doi:10.1006/taap.1997.8354

Cited by 181 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The findings of the present study demonstrated that in vitro inhibition of plasma and brain ChEs in the chicks were age-related as the most sensitive ages were 2 and 10 days among the tested ones (2, 10, 20 and 30 days). These results support and further add to previous studies in rodents in which OP were found to age-dependently inhibit ChEs (Moser & Padilla 1998;Howard et al 2007;Moser 2011) . The in vitro screening of age-dependent ChE inhibition has been recommended as a fast tool for initial examination of potential effects of OP on the youngsters (Padilla et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Various animal factors affect organophosphate (OP) poisoning, including the age of the animal and the susceptibility of the target enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the nervous tissue to inhibition (Moretto et al 1991;Moser & Padilla 1998;Moser 2000;Kousba et al 2007;Buratti et al 2011) resulting in the accumulation of acetylcholine at the nerve terminals which further causes cholinergic toxicity (Roberts & Aaron 2007;Abdollahi & Karami-Mohajeri 2012). Rat pups were reported to be more sensitive than the adults to poisoning induced by OPs, a result that suggests a chemical-specific factor in age-related difference in OP poisoning (Moser 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitroinhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterases of growing chicks by chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos

Mohammad

Al-Baggou

Naser

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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This study assessed in vitro inhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterases (ChE) by the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos in chicks at ages of 2, 10, 20 and 30 days. Plasma samples and whole-brain homogenates of each age group were pooled and ChE activity was determined by an electrometric method with or without the organophosphate (0.5 and 1.0 µM). ChE inhibitions were the highest in 2-and 10-day-old chicks (20-83%), followed by 5-73% inhibitions at ages of 20 and 30 days. Cholrpyrifos decreased plasma ChE activity only at the ages of 2 and 10 days by 21-75%. Dichlorvos decreased plasma ChE activity at all the ages tested (2-30 days) by 39-83%. The highest percentage of plasma ChE inhibition by chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos was in 2-day-old chicks. In the brain homogenate, chlorpyrifos decreased the ChE activity between ages 2 and 20 days by 20-62%. The highest percentage of brain ChE inhibition occurred at the age of 10 days and the least was at 20 and 30 days. Dichlorvos decreased brain ChE activity between ages 2 and 20 days by 24-74%. At the age of 30 days, only the higher concentration of dichlorvos (1 µM) decreased brain ChE activity by 27%. The data suggest an age-related differential in vitro inhibition of plasma and brain ChE s in chicks. In vitro ChE inhibition, though it does not exclude interfering factors, could be useful for initial screening of the inhibitory actions of organophosphate insecticides in chickens.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitroinhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterases of growing chicks by chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos

Mohammad

Al-Baggou

Naser

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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“…For example, young animals are often more sensitive to toxins than more mature animals. 86 For instance, carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity is less severe in mature F344 rats (28 months) than in younger rats (5 months). 87 In other instances, neonates are less susceptible to drug toxicity due to differing hepatic metabolism of drugs.…”

Section: Metabonomic Studies Of Physiological Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in a study carried into the biochemical toxicity of chlorpyrifos in young (postnatal day 17) and adult (about 70 days old) rats, the onset of maximal effects was delayed in the young rats; recovery occurred more quickly and immature rats showed no gender-related differences in toxicity, however, the magnitude of the age-related differences decreased as the rats matured. 86 The ageing rat undergoes numerous physiological changes that are reflected by physical and biochemical changes in the animal, resulting in a difference in the proportions of endogenous metabolites excreted in the urine. For instance, the quantity of metabolites containing aromatic functional groups in the urine is known to vary according to age of the animal as well as being modulated by diet and gut microflora.…”

Section: Metabonomic Studies Of Physiological Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR-based metabonomic approaches for evaluating physiological influences on biofluid composition

et al. 2004

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Strategies such as genomics, proteomics and metabonomics are being applied with increasing frequency in the pharmaceutical industry. For each of these approaches, toxicological response can be measured by terms of deviation from control or baseline status. However, in order to accurately define drug-induced response, it is necessary to characterize the normal degree of physiological variation in the absence of stimuli. Here, 1 H NMR spectroscopic-based analyses of the metabolic composition of urine in experimental animals under various normal physiological conditions are reviewed. In particular, the effects of inter-animal and diurnal variation, gender, age, diet, species, strain, hormonal status and stress on the biochemical composition of urine are explored. Pattern recognition methods facilitate the comparison of urine NMR spectra over a given time-course, enabling the establishment of changes in profile and highlighting the dynamic metabolic status of an organism. Thus metabonomic approaches based on information-rich spectroscopic data sets can be used to evaluate normal physiological variation and for investigation of drug safety issues.

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“…For instance, fetal brain Cholinesterase (ChE) has been found to be less inhibited than maternal brain, maybe due to placental and fetal detoxification of anti-ChE [90,91] with a few exceptions where we find the opposite [92,93]. It is also important to mention that for a given dosage of many OPCs, brain ChE is much more inhibited in young and postnatal animals than in the adults [94][95][96] but this age related differences to anti-ChE do not apply to fetuses [88][89][90][91]. It means OPCs may be teratogenic or embryotoxic at maternal toxic doses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Teratogenicity and Embryotoxicity of Organophosphorus Compounds in Animal Models - A Short Review

Nurulain¹,

Shafiullah²

2012

MMSL

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SummaryOrganophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are a wide group of compounds both structurally and functionally. Each OPC has a unique toxicological profile. The exposure to this type of poison is not limited only to certain occupationally exposed people but also to children, women, pregnant women; all have chances to be exposed to this poison. During the recent past years it has been reported in many poison epidemiological studies and case reports that exposure of OPCs during pregnancy caused malformed fetuses, neural tube defect (NTD) and shortening of pregnancy. The literature for animal models reveals inconclusive evidence. The generalized view is that they are neither teratogenic nor embryotoxic. But it is not true. There is a lack of systematic study and scarcity of reports on the topic. The present study was undertaken to investigate the teratogenicity induced by organophosphorus compounds in different animal models by literature review. Literature was searched by Toxicology Data NetWork (TOXNET), Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Database (DART), Toxicology Literature Online (TOXLINE), Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), Pubmed Central, Entrez-Pubmed, Science Direct, Directory Of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), Google Scholar and International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS-INCHEM), Embase. The terms for literature search were teratogenicity, organophosphorus compounds; fetal toxicity, organophosphorus compounds; organophosphorus poisoning and pregnancy; organophosphorus poisoning and growth restriction; organophosphorus poisoning and IUGR; organophosphorus poisoning and reproduction; organophosphates and reproduction; pregnancy and organophosphates. The outcome of the study concludes that the work on teratogenicity induced by organophosphorus compounds was completely neglected, inconclusive, and only carried out on less than half of the OPCs available in the market. A more comprehensive and systemic study on the subject is clearly needed and its importance should not be ignored because more positive cases are being reported on the teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of OPCs.

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Age- and Gender-Related Differences in the Time Course of Behavioral and Biochemical Effects Produced by Oral Chlorpyrifos in Rats

Cited by 181 publications

References 43 publications

In vitroinhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterases of growing chicks by chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos

In vitroinhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterases of growing chicks by chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos

NMR-based metabonomic approaches for evaluating physiological influences on biofluid composition

Teratogenicity and Embryotoxicity of Organophosphorus Compounds in Animal Models - A Short Review

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