Age- and gender-specific population attributable risks of metabolic disorders on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Taiwan

Abstract

BackgroundThe extent of attributable risks of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components on mortality remains unclear, especially with respect to age and gender. We aimed to assess the age- and gender-specific population attributable risks (PARs) for cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality and all-cause mortality for public health planning.MethodsA total of 2,092 men and 2,197 women 30 years of age and older, who were included in the 2002 Taiwan Survey of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia (TwSHHH), were linked to national death certificates acquired through December 31, 2009. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios and PARs for mortality, with a median follow-up of 7.7 years.ResultsThe respective PAR percentages of MetS for all-cause and CVD-related mortality were 11.6 and 39.2 in men, respectively, and 18.6 and 44.4 in women, respectively. Central obesity had the highest PAR for CVD mortality in women (57.5%), whereas arterial hypertension had the highest PAR in men (57.5%). For all-cause mortality, younger men and post-menopausal women had higher PARs related to Mets and its components; for CVD mortality, post-menopausal women had higher overall PARs than their pre-menopausal counterparts.ConclusionsMetS has a limited application to the PAR for all-cause mortality, especially in men; its PAR for CVD mortality is more evident. For CVD mortality, MetS components have higher PARs than MetS itself, especially hypertension in men and waist circumference in post-menopausal women. In addition, PARs for diabetes mellitus and low HDL-cholesterol may exceed 20%. We suggest differential control of risk factors in different subpopulation as a strategy to prevent CVD-related mortality.

Serum perfluorinated chemicals, glucose homeostasis and the risk of diabetes in working-aged Taiwanese adults

“…The prevalence of diabetes in this population was 6.8%, which was comparable with the prevalence of diabetes in two previous Taiwan studies, ranging from 7.8 to 9.1% (Chang et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2012). Median PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFUA was 8.0, 3.2, 3.8 and 6.4 ng/ml, respectively (Table 1).…”

Gender-Specific Association Between the Metabolic Syndrome and Arterial Stiffness in 8,300 Subjects

“…Abdominal obesity is a predictor for developing MetS for both men and women, 23 but women with obesity had higher CVD mortality. 24 Hokanson and Austin 25 reported that high triglyceride levels increased CVD risks greater in women than in men (relative risks, 1.76 versus 1.32). In patients who had received coronary artery bypass graft surgery, women with elevated triglyceride levels had a greater risk than men (hazard ratio, 1.5 versus 1.1).…”

Impact of hypertension on mortality and cardiovascular disease burden in patients with cardiovascular risk factors from a general practice setting

“…Concerning hospitalization of CHD, hypertension also demonstrated the highest PAR in women (43%). In several recent studies performed in different continents and ethnics, hypertension was also the most important factor in cardiovascular burden [26][27][28][29][30][31], the agestandardized cardiovascular mortality attributable to higher-than-optimal SBP ranged from 200 to 220 per 100 000 to 410 per 100 000 for men in different parts of USA [32], and the lack of control contributed largely to the risk [27]. The present data stress the necessity for the primary prevention of hypertension as well as improvement in blood pressure control.…”