Age- and sex-related prevalence and drug utilization pattern in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its comorbidity with cardiovascular diseases: A comparative study

Abstract

A cross-sectional study of 250 cases of type 2 diabetes management was conducted in a governmental tertiary care hospital of urban south India to determine the comparative prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its comorbidity with cardiovascular diseases in diabetic population, core drug use indicators and drug utilization pattern in the management of diabetics entirely and with cardiovascular diseases. Highest prevalent age group for type 2 diabetes/cardiovascular diseases (greater incidence in female than male) was 51-60 years. The 62.8% prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the diabetic population ascertained in the study could provide an evidence-based rationale for the World Health Organization guidelines for the management of hypertension in type 2 diabetics. Incidence of polypharmacy (6.06, the mean number of total drug products prescribed); 59.26% of encounters prescribed antibiotics; 17.6 and 18.5 min of average consultation and dispensing time, respectively; 100% of drugs actually dispensed and adequately labeled; 81.26% of patients having knowledge of correct dosage and average drug cost of Indian Rupees 145.54 per prescription were the core drug use indicators found mainly. Moreover, drugs prescribed from the Essential Drug List were more than 90% and thereby indicated the drug use in this set-up quite rational. Around 71.09% of cardiovascular agents prescribed by generic name revealed the cost effective medical care. Among the agents in type 2 diabetes management, Actrapid® (35.43%) was the highest. Among the cardiovascular agents prescribed, lasix (19.37%) was the highest. Cardiovascular agents prescribed orally by 76.48% signified the good prescription habit indicating the improved patients’ adherence to the treatment. The present study emphasizes the need of early detection of hypertension as a preliminary diagnostic parameter of cardiovascular diseases in diabetics and appropriate management through concomitant therapy of cardiovascular drugs to minimize the risks of death.

Glycemic Control Rate in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at a Public Referral Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Demographic and Clinical Factors

“…Regarding gender, the IDF mentions that T2D is more common in men worldwide, but in South and Central America the prevalence is higher in women [1]. Among comorbidities, the association between T2D and hypertension is well known, as are the abuse of alcohol and dyslipidemia, as well as BMI and WC above normal range, regardless of gender or age [18,[20][21][22][23]. Obesity, especially central obesity, is a key factor in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and diabetes [24].…”

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“…No attempt is made to affect the outcome (for example, no treatment is given) 1 . Epidemiological studies have played an important part in the elucidation of predisposing factors for COPD, CKD, acute pancreatitis and CLD and opportunities for prevention and treatment 2 .…”

Effects of Some Boraginaceae Species Extracts on Albumin, Hemoglobin and Crystalline Glycation Reaction

“…Furthermore, it has also been observed that various parts of Echium species could be used for their antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antidepressant, antiproliferative, antiviral, antioxidant, cytotoxic and anxiolytic properties [2,3] . Cyanidin, a natural phenolic compound is present in many kinds of plants, such as grapes, pomegranate and some species of Boraginaceae and according to the previous reports, this effective compound has antioxidant and antidiabetic potential [7][8][9][10] .Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world [11] . In this disease, the macro and microvascular complications lead to severe effects on the eyes, central nervous systems and kidneys [12] .…”

“…Evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that diabetic hyperglycemia could increase the risk of complications [13,14] . It seems that non-enzymatic glycation plays an important role in progression of diabetic complications [11] . Due to prolonged hyperglycemia, the non-enzymatic glycation of proteins could significantly change their structural and functional properties [12] .…”

“…Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world [11] . In this disease, the macro and microvascular complications lead to severe effects on the eyes, central nervous systems and kidneys [12] .…”