Age- and sex-related profiles of serum primary and total bile acids in infants, children and adults.

Kawasaki, Hironaka; Yamanishi, Yasuhito; Miyake, Makito; Mura, Tetsuo; Ikawa, Shiro

doi:10.1620/tjem.150.353

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The findings herein may be similar to ''physiologic'' hypercholemia that has been reported in healthy infants, in which SBA concentrations peak between 4 to 6 days postpartum and remain greater than adult values for months to years. [16][17][18] In summary, SBAs concentration has been reported to be a reliable indicator of liver disease in the adult horse. [3][4][5][6] During the neonatal period, SBA concentrations are significantly greater in healthy foals compared with healthy adult horses and, in fact, approach values that would be considered to be highly suggestive of significant liver disease if obtained from an adult horse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Serum Bile Acids Concentrations in Healthy and Clinically Ill Neonatal Foals

Barton

LeRoy

2007

J Vet Int Med

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Serum Bile Acids Concentrations in Healthy and Clinically Ill Neonatal Foals

Barton

LeRoy

2007

J Vet Int Med

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“…Given the fact that many BA metabolites are cytotoxic when present in abnormally high concentrations 6 and dysregulated BA synthesis and metabolism is often indicative of liver dysfunction, it has been recognized that serum BA levels are sensitive indicators of hepatobiliary disease and are useful as one of reliable liver function tests. 7 Errors in BA metabolism are implicated in several human diseases including both alcoholic 8 and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases 9 and colon cancer. 10 Reestablishment of BAs homeostasis has been shown to result in powerful therapeutic effects under these conditions.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling of Serum Bile Acids in a Healthy Chinese Population Using UPLC–MS/MS

et al. 2015

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Bile acids (BAs) are a group of important physiological agents for cholesterol metabolism, intestinal nutrient absorption, and biliary secretion of lipids, toxic metabolites, and xenobiotics. Extensive research in the last two decades has unveiled new functions of BAs as signaling molecules and metabolic regulators that modulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis through the activation of nuclear receptors and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling in gut-liver metabolic axis involving host-gut microbial co-metabolism. Therefore, investigation of serum BA profiles, in healthy human male and female subjects with a wide range of age and body mass index (BMI), will provide important baseline information on the BA physiology as well as metabolic homeostasis among human subjects that are regulated by two sets of genome, host genome, and symbiotic microbiome. Previous reports on age- or gender-related changes on BA profiles in animals and human showed inconsistent results, and the information acquired from various studies was highly fragmentary. Here we profiled the serum BAs in a large population of healthy participants (n = 502) and examined the impact of age, gender, and BMI on serum BA concentrations and compositions using a targeted metabonomics approach with ultraperformance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. We found that the BA profiles were dependent on gender, age, and BMI among study subjects. The total BAs were significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.05) and higher in obese females than in lean females (p < 0.05). The difference in BA profiles between male and female subjects was decreased at age of 50-70 years, while the difference in BA profiles between lean and obese increased for subjects aged 50-70 years. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the BA profiles in healthy subjects and highlights the need to take into account age, gender, and BMI differences when investigating pathophysiological changes of BAs resulting from gastrointestinal diseases.

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“…Parameters used to establish the matched pairs did not include gender or type of enteral feeding. Gender is not considered a risk factor for NEC 86 , BAs do not differ significantly by gender 87,88 and the type of enteral feeding was quite similar between matched pairs ( Table 1). The only pair with significant differences in diet-Pair 7-the control subject was the one given formula (and only for four feedings), which is considered a risk factor for NEC 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Elevated Coefficient of Variation in Total Fecal Bile Acids Precedes Diagnosis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Knapp

Kehring

Stepp

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Accumulation of bile acids (BAs) may mediate development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Serial fecal samples were collected from premature infants with birth weight (BW) ≤ 1800 g, estimated gestational age (EGA) ≤ 32 weeks, and <30 days old prior to initiation of enteral feeding. Nine infants that developed Bell's Stage ≥ II NEC were matched with control infants based on BW, EGA, day of life (DOL) enteral feeding was initiated and DOL of the first sample. From each subject, five samples matched by DOL collected were analyzed for BA levels and composition. Fifteen individual BA species were measured via LC-MS/MS and total BA levels were measured using the Diazyme Total Bile Acid Assay kit. No statistically significant differences in composition were observed between control and NEC at the level of individual species (p = 0.1133) or grouped BAs (p = 0.0742). However, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000012) in the mean coefficient of variation (CV) between the two groups with infants developing NEC having more than four-fold higher mean CV than controls. Importantly, these variations occurred prior to NEC diagnosis. These data suggest fluctuations in total fecal BA levels could provide the basis for the first predictive clinical test for NEC.protective responses 20 , and the concomitant dysregulation of hepatic BA transporters 21 during development of NEC. This novel paradigm encompasses major disease-associated findings and risk factors: 1) the more premature an infant, the more likely they will develop NEC 10,11 . Many of the key processes of BA homeostasis are not fully developed in neonates, but reach maturity at weaning [22][23][24][25][26][27] . 2) Formula-fed preemies are 6-10 times more likely to develop NEC 12 and have higher fecal BA levels than breast-fed preemies 28 . Further, formula feeding is required to develop experimental NEC 29,30 . 3) The majority of BA reclamation occurs in the ileum and colon, the primary sites of NEC injury 31 , and ileal BA levels increase 24-hours before inflammation or histological damage in experimental NEC 32 . 4) Bacterial colonization is required for both development of NEC and formation of secondary BAs. While no specific pathogen has been conclusively associated with NEC 33-43 , disease cannot be developed in germ free conditions 13,14 and pneumatosis intestinalis, the most pathognomonic radiological finding of NEC, is thought to be caused by bacterial overgrowth 44 . Bacteria are also required for formation of more toxic, hydrophobic BAs 45-47 , which are higher in both experimental 18 and human NEC 48 .To further characterize how BAs are dysregulated in human NEC, we prospectively collected fecal samples from premature infants and determined BA levels and composition from matched-pairs diagnosed with NEC versus those without NEC. Contrary to a previous study 48 , we found no statistically significant differences in BA composition between control and NEC. However, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000012) in the mean...

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Age- and sex-related profiles of serum primary and total bile acids in infants, children and adults.

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Serum Bile Acids Concentrations in Healthy and Clinically Ill Neonatal Foals

Serum Bile Acids Concentrations in Healthy and Clinically Ill Neonatal Foals

Profiling of Serum Bile Acids in a Healthy Chinese Population Using UPLC–MS/MS

Elevated Coefficient of Variation in Total Fecal Bile Acids Precedes Diagnosis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

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