Age‐ and sex‐specific normative values of bone mineral density in the adult glenoid

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the normative bone mineral density (BMD) of cortical and trabecular bone regions in the adult glenoid and its dependence on the subject's age and sex. We analyzed computed tomography (CT) scans of 441 shoulders (310 males, 18–69 years) without any signs of glenohumeral joint pathology. Glenoid BMD was automatically quantified in six volumes of interest (VOIs): cortical bone (CO), subchondral cortical plate (SC), subchondral trabecular bone (ST), and three adjacent layers of trabecular bone (T1, T2, and T3). BMD was measured in Hounsfield unit (HU). We evaluated the association between glenoid BMD and sex and age with the Student's t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), respectively. The lambda‐mu‐sigma method was used to determine age‐ and sex‐specific normative values of glenoid BMD in cortical (CO and SC) and trabecular (ST, T1, T2, and T3) bone. Glenoid BMD was higher in males than females, in most age groups and most VOIs. Before 40 years old, the effect of age on BMD was very weak in both males and females. After 40 years old, BMD declined over time in all VOIs. This BMD decline with age was greater in females (cortical: r = −0.45, trabecular: r = −0.41) than in males (cortical: r = −0.30; trabecular: r = −0.32). These normative glenoid BMD values could prove clinically relevant in the diagnosis and management of patients with various shoulder disorders, in particular glenohumeral osteoarthritis and shoulder arthroplasty or shoulder instability, as well as in related research.

A Bayesian causal inference model to evaluate shoulder pathology effect on glenoid bone mineral density

“…However, there was no control for the age and sex of the subjects in their study. The decrease of glenoid BMD with age and its dependency on sex for normal subjects has been reported previously [23,24] and we found the same trend in this study (Table A5). However, we could not find any study on the effect of age or BMI on the BMD differences between pathological and CTRL subjects.…”

“…The BMD measurement was not considered when a VOI volume was less than 27 (i.e., 3 3 ) mm 3 , and the average trabecular BMD was not considered when all trabecular VOI volumes were below this minimum volume. The BMD measurement method was fully automated and described previously [23,27,39,40]. In addition, in the present study, the VOIs were divided into 8 sectors (octans) of the cylinder defined above and aligned with the posterior-anterior and inferior-superior scapular axes.…”

“…We used N ormal(0, 0.1) for γg and ζg , as we expected a lower change in glenoid BMD by one unit of change in age and BMI, compared to the average effect of location and group. Based on previous studies there could be almost one z-score of BMD decrease by 20 years age increase (from 50 to 70 years old) in cortical and trabecular regions of CTRL glenoid [23]. Since we specified the age effect term as the amount of change in BMD z-score by one year age increase, N ormal(0, 0.1) (one z-score / 10) prior seemed reasonable.…”

“…We chose this prior as it has been shown that there could be up to one z-score difference between male and female [23], and between different regions of glenoid for OA and CTA subjects [22]. We used the same prior definitions for all of the locations.…”

Association between the atherogenic index of plasma and bone mineral density among adult women: NHANES (2011–2018)

“…The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the AIP could predict BMD in women below 45 years of age and BMI ≥25 (kg/m 2 ). Several studies have shown that age strongly influences the AIP and BMD ( 52 , 53 ). Our results were inconsistent with those of previous studies that found a negative association between the AIP and BMD in postmenopausal women ( 22 – 24 ).…”