Age-Dependent Association among Helicobacter pylori Infection, Serum Pepsinogen Levels and Immune Response of Children to Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD 103-HgR

Muhsen, Khitam; Lagos, Rosanna; Reymann, Mardi; Graham, David Y.; Pasetti, Marcela F.; Levine, Myron M.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083999

Cited by 14 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…A reduction in vaccine immunogenicity among infants positive for rotavirus-specific IgA was recently observed during studies of Rotarix conducted in Zambia [23], Bangladesh [135] and South Africa [36], but not in India [175]. Pre-vaccination exposure seems to have a similar effect on the immunogenicity of oral cholera vaccines, including both live-attenuated [11,93,176] and inactivated vaccines [96,177,178]. Together, these findings suggest that the induc-tion of immunity following a previous encounter with a pathogen may contribute to the impaired immunogenicity of oral vaccines in high-transmission settings.…”

Section: Transmission Intensity and Strain Diversity Of The Infectious mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…An inhibitory association between Helicobacter pylori colonization and CVD 103-HgR response has been reported among Chilean children <5 years of age, but not in children aged 5-9 years [93]. Notably, this species is rarely documented among children <1 year of age, and is therefore unlikely to influence the immunogenicity of oral vaccines administered in early infancy [28,131].…”

Section: Enteric Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[65], [98], [108], [135], [171], [196] [67], [133][134][135], [198][199][200][201] [8], [181], [182], [201], [203], [204] [28], [92], [93], [128], [131], [137], [138], [140], [130], [131], [157], [202] [ [43][44][45], [49], [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70], [197] [ [155][156][157] [28], [98], [170][171][172]…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectiveunclassified

“…The extent to which HBGA phenotype influences cholera vaccine response remains uncertain. Several studies have documented increased immunogenicity or protective efficacy following administration of CVD 103-HgR to individuals with O versus non-O blood groups [11,[91][92][93], though a recent study in North-American adults failed to replicate these findings [94]. Meanwhile, trials of oral-killed whole-cell vaccines have yielded conflicting results when comparing immunogenicity or efficacy according to ABO blood type, including observations of either improved or impaired response in individuals with blood group O (vs non-O) [32,95,96], or no difference according to blood group [97,98].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Causes of Impaired Oral Vaccine Efficacy in Developing Countries

et al. 2017

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Oral vaccines are less immunogenic when given to infants in low-income compared with high-income countries, limiting their potential public health impact. Here, we review factors that might contribute to this phenomenon, including transplacental antibodies, breastfeeding, histo blood group antigens, enteric pathogens, malnutrition, microbiota dysbiosis and environmental enteropathy. We highlight several clear risk factors for vaccine failure, such as the inhibitory effect of enteroviruses on oral poliovirus vaccine. We also highlight the ambiguous and at times contradictory nature of the available evidence, which undoubtedly reflects the complex and interconnected nature of the factors involved. Mechanisms responsible for diminished immunogenicity may be specific to each oral vaccine. Interventions aiming to improve vaccine performance may need to reflect the diversity of these mechanisms. Enteric pathogens are a substantial threat to public health. This threat takes many forms, from the toxin-producing bacteria (e.g., Vibrio cholerae) and flagellated protozoa (e.g., Giardia lamblia) that colonize the mucosal surface of the small intestine to the enteroviruses that are capable of spreading via the bloodstream to the CNS, causing acute flaccid paralysis (e.g., poliovirus). Each year, enteric pathogens cause hundreds of millions of cases of diarrhea and approximately 800,000 deaths, the vast majority of which occur among children in low-income countries [1]. The most common causes of childhood diarrheal morbidity include rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella [2].Vaccines against enteric pathogens are important tools for mitigating this disease burden. Oral vaccines offer several distinct benefits compared with parenteral vaccines. They can be produced in large quantities at relatively low cost, are easy to administer and have the capacity to induce local immunity in the intestinal mucosa, thereby protecting vaccinated individuals against subsequent infection and -by blocking onward transmission -enhancing herd immunity [3,4]. Currently licensed oral vaccines include live-attenuated poliovirus vaccines containing one, two or three serotypes, live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix R , RotaTeq R , Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine [China only] and Rotavac R [India only]), live-attenuated cholera vaccine (CVD 103-HgR or Vaxchora TM ), inactivated cholera vaccines (Dukoral R and Shanchol R ) and live-attenuated typhoid vaccine (Ty21a). Other oral vaccines are in development, including those against Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter and Clostridium difficile, as well as several novel rotavirus vaccine candidates (including the human neonatal vaccine RV3-BB [5] and an oral bovine pentavalent vaccine [6]).Yet oral vaccines have an Achilles' heel -their immunogenicity and efficacy is impaired in low-income countries that experience the greatest burden of enteric disease (Box 1). For example, Rotarix has a 1-year protective efficacy against severe rotavirus-associated gas...

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Section: Transmission Intensity and Strain Diversity Of The Infectious mentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Enteric Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectiveunclassified

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Causes of Impaired Oral Vaccine Efficacy in Developing Countries

et al. 2017

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“…Helicobacter pylori ‐seropositive children aged 5–9 years with a serum PG I of 30 mg/L (indicating more severe gastritis) had higher odds of vibriocidal seroconversion than those with lower PG I levels. These data suggest that, as H. pylori gastritis progresses with increasing pediatric age, changes in gastric secretion may explain the differences in age‐related immune responses to this live oral cholera vaccine .…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 84%

Helicobacter pylori Infection in Pediatrics

Roma

Miele

2015

Helicobacter

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This review includes the main pediatric studies published from April 2014 to March 2015. The host response of Treg cells with increases in FOXP3 and TGF‐β1 combined with a reduction in IFN‐γ by Teff cells may contribute to Helicobacter pylori susceptibility in children. Genotypic variability in H. pylori strains influences the clinical manifestation of the infection. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with variables indicative of a crowded environment and poor living conditions, while breast‐feeding has a protective effect. Intrafamilial infection, especially from mother to children and from sibling to sibling, is the dominant transmission route. Studies showed conflicting results regarding the association between H. pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia. One study suggests that H. pylori eradication plays a role in the management of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in H. pylori‐infected children and adolescents. The prevalence of H. pylori was higher in chronic urticaria patients than in controls and, following H. pylori eradication, urticarial symptoms disappeared. An inverse relationship between H. pylori infection and allergic disease was reported. Antibiotic resistance and insufficient compliance to treatment limit the efficacy of eradication therapy. Sequential therapy had no advantage over standard triple therapy. In countries where H. pylori infection is prevalent, studies focusing on virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility may provide anticipation of the prognosis and may be helpful to reduce morbidity and mortality.

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Use of Pathogen-Specific Antibody Biomarkers to Estimate Waterborne Infections in Population-Based Settings

Exum

Pisanic

Granger

et al. 2016

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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Purpose of review This review discusses the utility of pathogen-specific antibody biomarkers for improving estimates of the population burden of waterborne infections, assessing the fraction of infections that can be prevented by specific water treatments, and understanding transmission routes and the natural history and ecology of disease in different populations (including asymptomatic infection rates). Recent findings We review recent literature on the application of pathogen-specific antibody response data to estimate incidence and prevalence of acute infections and their utility to assess the contributions of waterborne transmission pathways. Advantages and technical challenges associated with the use of serum versus minimally invasive salivary antibody biomarkers in cross-sectional and prospective surveys are discussed. Summary We highlight recent advances and challenges and outline future directions for research, development, and application of antibody-based and other immunological biomarkers of waterborne infections.

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Age-Dependent Association among Helicobacter pylori Infection, Serum Pepsinogen Levels and Immune Response of Children to Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD 103-HgR

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Causes of Impaired Oral Vaccine Efficacy in Developing Countries

Causes of Impaired Oral Vaccine Efficacy in Developing Countries

Helicobacter pylori Infection in Pediatrics

Use of Pathogen-Specific Antibody Biomarkers to Estimate Waterborne Infections in Population-Based Settings

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