Age norms for grating acuity and contrast sensitivity measured by Lea tests in the first three years of life

Elgohary, Amal A; Abuelela, Manal H.; Eldin, Adel Alei

doi:10.18240/ijo.2017.07.20

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The DH test has a wide range of log 10 CS values, greater than 2 log units, 0.05 to 2.1. The interval between log 10 CS for each stimulus is smaller than other pediatric tests of CS (0.15 in DH test versus 0.30 in HH test and CCT, 27 , 28 0.19 for Mr. Happy 29 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…34 The DH test is objective and relatively unbiased because the examiner is unaware of DH stimulus location until s/he can judge if the participant detected the stimulus. This is in contrast to Hiding Heidi (HH) 27 , 28 and Mr. Happy CS test 29 where the examiner may have knowledge of the right or left position of the stimulus during testing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…We designed a schematic smiling face stimulus that would appeal to young children, similar to the HH 27 , 28 face. Multiple spatial frequencies comprise the HH face, 27 whereas the features in the DH face are constrained to a narrow band of spatial frequencies enabling the testing of a restricted range of spatial frequencies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behavioral tests developed to assess CS in infants and children are more straightforward to administer in the clinic because the examiner directly assesses the child's “looking” response. Pediatric CS test stimuli include sine-wave gratings (contrast sensitivity card test [CSCT]), 23 – 26 a large low frequency square wave grating (OCC), 9 schematic face stimuli (Hiding Heidi 27 , 28 [HH], www.good-lite.com ; Mr. Happy 29 ), and picture outlines (Cardiff Contrast Test 30 , 31 [CCT], www.eyesfirst.eu ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Contrast Sensitivity Test for Pediatric Patients: Feasibility and Inter-Examiner Reliability in Ocular Disorders and Cerebral Visual Impairment

Mayer

Taylor

Kran

2020

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Assess feasibility and interexaminer reliability of a new test of contrast sensitivity (CS) for pediatric populations. Methods: The Double Happy (DH) measures CS using a method similar to the Teller Acuity Cards. The schematic DH face is 16 degrees in diameter with features of 0.3 c/d and a channel frequency of 0.8 c/d. DH log 10 CS is in 0.15 log unit steps, 0.05 to 2.1. Participants were 43 unselected patients, ages 2 to 18 years: 23 were diagnosed with ocular disorders only; 20 were diagnosed with cerebral visual impairment (CVI). Two examiners measured DH log 10 CS. Visual acuity (VA) was also measured. Results: All 43 participants were tested for binocular DH log 10 CS. Cohen's kappa values for interexaminer reliability were fair. The between examiner ICC was +0.92 (P < 0.001). The mean difference between examiners was near zero, and the 95% CI was −0.44 to 0.45 log 10 CS. DH log 10 CS was near normal in the ocular disorder group and reduced in the CVI group. VA was reduced in both groups. DH log 10 CS and VA were correlated (r = −0.65). DH log 10 CS was a marginally better predictor of diagnosis than VA. Conclusions: DH log 10 CS test was successful in a diverse pediatric population diagnosed with ocular disorders or CVI. Interexaminer reliability was comparable to that of adults tested previously using the same stimuli and methods. Both CS and VA are reduced in CVI. Translational Relevance: CS and VA both should be tested in pediatric clinical populations, especially in those at risk of CVI. Recent studies report that functional visual abilities and vision-related quality of life (QoL) are reduced in children with congenital ocular disorders. 6,7 An extensive study of diverse pediatric vision disorders found impaired functional vision and eye-related QoL in children with moderate-severe visual impairment defined by their visual acuity deficit. 8 A study of adolescents with low vision tested with the Ohio Contrast Cards (OCC) found that CS correlated with vision-related QoL, whereas visual acuity did not. 9 This study provides some evidence that CS may be more sensitive than VA to aspects of vision-related QoL.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Contrast Sensitivity Test for Pediatric Patients: Feasibility and Inter-Examiner Reliability in Ocular Disorders and Cerebral Visual Impairment

Mayer

Taylor

Kran

2020

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Visual-search difficulty increases if targets' characteristics are closer to the detection threshold, and characteristics within a factor of 5 from the threshold can result in slow search (Verghese & Nakayama, 1994). Some of these thresholds, such as grating acuity and vernier acuity, continue to develop during childhood (Elgohary, Abuelela, & Eldin, 2017;Skoczenski & Norcia, 2002). This might make visual search slower for younger children than older ones, depending on the differentiating characteristic between target and nontarget elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual search accelerates during adolescence

et al. 2018

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We studied changes in visual-search performance and behavior during adolescence. Search performance was analyzed in terms of reaction time and response accuracy. Search behavior was analyzed in terms of the objects fixated and the duration of these fixations. A large group of adolescents (N = 140; age: 12-19 years; 47% female, 53% male) participated in a visual-search experiment in which their eye movements were recorded with an eye tracker. The experiment consisted of 144 trials (50% with a target present), and participants had to decide whether a target was present. Each trial showed a search display with 36 Gabor patches placed on a hexagonal grid. The target was a vertically oriented element with a high spatial frequency. Nontargets differed from the target in spatial frequency, orientation, or both. Search performance and behavior changed during adolescence; with increasing age, fixation duration and reaction time decreased. Response accuracy, number of fixations, and selection of elements to fixate upon did not change with age. Thus, the speed of foveal discrimination increases with age, while the efficiency of peripheral selection does not change. We conclude that the way visual information is gathered does not change during adolescence, but the processing of visual information becomes faster.

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Age norms for grating acuity and contrast sensitivity in children using eye tracking technology

et al. 2021

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Age norms for grating acuity and contrast sensitivity measured by Lea tests in the first three years of life

Abstract: Age norms for grating acuity along with contrast sensitivity offer a more comprehensive measure of spatial vision and should be incorporated in clinical practice for better visual assessment in preverbal and nonverbal children.

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

A New Contrast Sensitivity Test for Pediatric Patients: Feasibility and Inter-Examiner Reliability in Ocular Disorders and Cerebral Visual Impairment

A New Contrast Sensitivity Test for Pediatric Patients: Feasibility and Inter-Examiner Reliability in Ocular Disorders and Cerebral Visual Impairment

Visual search accelerates during adolescence

Age norms for grating acuity and contrast sensitivity in children using eye tracking technology

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