Age of diagnosis for autism: individual and community factors across 10 birth cohorts

Fountain, Christine; King, Marissa; Bearman, Peter Shawn

doi:10.1136/jech.2009.104588

Cited by 293 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The late timing of Asperger diagnosis is compatible with the lack of gender difference in the Fountain study, since they only included children diagnosed between 2 and 8 years old (Fountain et al 2011). Unfortunately, their finding of a positive impact of socioeconomic status on the age of diagnosis could not be validated in the current study since we did not have this information.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 42%

“…However, even larger studies have demonstrated inconsistent findings regarding sex differences in age of ASD diagnosis. While a study including as many as 491 females with ASD indicated a later age of diagnosis in females than males with ASD (Shattuck et al 2009), two related surveys, including 3,000 girls with ASD from the USA (Fountain et al 2011) and including 300 girls with ASD from Japan (Fujiwara et al 2011) found no sex differences in the age of diagnosis. To date, sex differences in ASD diagnosis have not been studied based on large scale samples in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sex Differences in the Timing of Identification Among Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Begeer

Mandell

Wijnker-Holmes³

et al. 2012

J Autism Dev Disord

304

199

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To examine differences by sex in the timing of identification of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), survey data were collected in the Netherlands from 2,275 males and females with autistic disorder, Asperger's syndrome and PDD-NOS. Among participants \18 years of age, females with Asperger's syndrome were identified later than males. Among participants C18 years of age, females with autistic disorder were identified later than males. In more recent years, girls with Asperger's syndrome are diagnosed later than boys, confirming earlier findings. In adults, the delayed timing of diagnosis in females with autistic disorder may be related to changing practices in diagnosis over time. Strategies for changing clinician behaviour to improve recognition of ASD in females are needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 42%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Timing of Identification Among Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Begeer

Mandell

Wijnker-Holmes³

et al. 2012

J Autism Dev Disord

304

199

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The failure to find a decrease in the average age at diagnosis over time was particularly disappointing, especially because early diagnosis is important for access to appropriate education and intervention. Although several studies now suggest a decline in the age at diagnosis (18,19), considerable disparities remain. A few of these were pointed out in a review by Daniels and Mandell (32), which indicated that a general increase in awareness does not automatically lead to a decrease in diagnostic age (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AD can reliably be diagnosed by experienced clinicians in children 3 years old or younger (14). However, the average age at AD diagnosis varies across studies from 3.1 years (15) to 4.8 years (16) to 5.2 years (17) in accordance with sample characteristics and ascertainment methods (18,19). Parents are initially concerned about social development, but they also have worries about general delays and other specific problems (20,21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the frequency and characteristics of children diagnosed with autistic disorder in two Norwegian cohorts: 1992 and 2009

Romhus

Herder

Grindheim

et al. 2017

Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology

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Background: Is the increasing prevalence of autistic disorder (AD) a well-documented trend or merely a reflection of the wider recognition of AD among both the public at large and health care professionals? Data from relevant studies are frequently compromised by comparisons of different sites and different diagnostic methods. Objectives: To explore changes over time, we reviewed the following: 1) the frequency of AD diagnoses; 2) the characteristics of the diagnosed children; and 3) the ages of the children when initial concerns were addressed and AD diagnoses made. Method: We compared the case records of children between the ages of 1 and 17 years who were residing in Nordland County, Norway, and who were diagnosed with AD during two different data collection periods: 1992 (Cohort 1) and 2009 (Cohort 2). Results: In Cohort 1, 28 children were diagnosed with AD; 71 children in Cohort 2 received AD diagnoses. The increase was greatest among children with intelligence quotient (IQ) values of at least 70. The proportion of children with genetic syndromes was around 20% in both cohorts. Median age at AD diagnosis did not differ between the two cohorts (4.5 vs. 5.0 years, respectively). When the two cohorts were combined, children with IQ values of 70 or more without a genetic syndrome and those with IQ values of less than 50 with genetic syndromes were diagnosed at approximately the same age (5.5 and 5.3 years, respectively). Both groups were significantly older at diagnosis as compared with children with IQ values of less than 50 without genetic syndromes (3.5 years). Conclusions:The increase in the number of children diagnosed with AD is consistent with findings from international studies. Contrary to predictions, the age at diagnosis was not reduced over time. A higher proportion of children with IQ values in the average range in the latter cohort may have contributed to this. A delayed diagnosis of AD among children with genetic syndromes may indicate that early autism symptoms are attributed to the genetic condition. Clinical implications are discussed.

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“…This in turn leads to the under-diagnosing of African American and Hispanic children with ASD [22]. A later diagnosis is associated with decreasing the impact that comes with receiving early treatment and intervention [10,11,33]. We used a Value Sensitive Design (VSD) methodology [12] to understand the underlying values that low-SES parents hold in terms of learning about their children's health in order to design the most appropriate solution (see section 2 below for more discussion on VSD termino logy).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Income Parents’ Values Involving the Use of Technology for Accessing Health Information

Muñoz

Arriaga

2015

Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2015

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Abstract.Technology is increasingly available to end users of low socioeconomic status (SES), yet little is known about how these users' values affect the interfaces they prefer when seeking information related to their child's health. We investigate low-SES parents' preferences when it comes to technology to track and learn about their child's developmental milestones using both qualitative and quantitative analyses. We follow the methods outlined by Value Sensitive Design (VSD) and found that the three most relevant values for information seeking are Convenience, Learning/Bonding and Trust. We also discuss how these values drive their technology preferences in tracking their child's developmental milestones. We also present a series of design principles for information communication technology for low-SES user groups that were derived directly from our qualitative research with 51 participants. We note that although working in this unique problem space necessitated following an abridged VSD paradigm our results align with the core set of values suggested by VSD.

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Age of diagnosis for autism: individual and community factors across 10 birth cohorts

Cited by 293 publications

References 14 publications

Sex Differences in the Timing of Identification Among Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Sex Differences in the Timing of Identification Among Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Changes in the frequency and characteristics of children diagnosed with autistic disorder in two Norwegian cohorts: 1992 and 2009

Low-Income Parents’ Values Involving the Use of Technology for Accessing Health Information

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