Age of the Mother as a Risk Factor and Timing of Hypospadias Repair According to Severity

Abstract

Background & Objectives Hypospadias is characterized by a displacement of the urethral opening in males that can change from the typical position within the glans penis to a subcoronal position (Type I), to anywhere along the ventral shaft (Type II), to penoscrotal, scrotal, or perineal positions (Type III). We and others have previously reported that age of the mother (≥ 40 years old) is a risk factor for having a child with hypospadias, but there is a scarcity of reports on whether such risk is higher for having a child with the mild (Type I) or the more severe forms (Types II and III). In addition, we aimed to assess the timing of hypospadias repair according to severity. Methods Parents of children with hypospadias were interviewed by using a series of questionnaires (n = 128 cases). Severity was confirmed in the clinic and age of the mother was self-reported. Number of surgeries, age of child by the first and the last intervention was also assessed. Ordered logistic regression and the Brant test were employed to calculate risk between mild (Type I) and severe cases (Types II and III), and the assumption of proportional odds, respectively. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare number of surgeries and age by the last repair between mild and severe cases. One-way ANOVA was employed to compare age of the child at the time of first surgery across severities (Types I - III). Results Women ≥ 40 years of age are 3.89 times [95% CI: 1.20-12.64] at a higher risk for having a child with the more severe forms of the condition than younger women. Repair of Type I was accomplished with 1 intervention whereas more severe cases required 1 – 4 (2 ± 0.5) surgical interventions. The timing for hypospadias repair of Type I cases occurred at an average age of 16.2 ± 4.88 months, of Type II cases occurred at an average age of 20.3 ± 8.15 months whereas the average age of the first hypospadias repair among Type III cases was 12.68 ± 2.52 months. Number of surgeries according to severity (p ≤ 0.0018, z-ratio = 2.91) and age difference for the timing of last repair (p ≤ 0.045, z-ratio = 1.69) were statistically different, but not the age difference for the first repair. Conclusions Increased maternal age is associated with the most severe forms of hypospadias. There is room for improvement for the timing of hypospadias repair according to severity.

Peranan Faktor Lingkungan dan Kontributor Selama Kehamilan terhadap Hipospadia

“…Usia ibu selama kehamilan dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya hipospadia, dimulai dari ibu yang hamil pada usia tua (>35 tahun) Beberapa studi menyatakan bahwa usia ibu berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko hipospadia. 14,17,[30][31][32][33] Avile´s et al 31 mendapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang secara statistik bermakna antara ibu yang berusia 40 tahun ke atas dengan peningkatan risiko hipospadia. Sastre et al 45 mendapatkan adanya hubungan antara hipospadia dengan ibu yang hamil di usia lanjut.…”

Severity-Dependent Profile of the Metabolome in Hypospadias

“…It is classified depending upon severity as: mild (Type I), moderate (Type II), and severe (Type III) hypospadias. It is further grouped as mild (Type I) and severe (Type II & III) hypospadias (1,2). Approximately 70% of cases are mild hypospadias, and 30% are severe cases (3)(4)(5)(6)(7).…”