Age-related Changes in Bilateral Upper Extremity Coordination

Abstract

Although evidence exists that changes in sensorimotor function occur with aging, changes in the bilateral coordination of the upper extremities is less understood. Here, we review the behavioral and neural evidence of declines in bilateral coordination as well as the implications these deficits have on function and physical rehabilitation. We begin with an introduction to the two major forms of bilateral coordination, symmetric and non-symmetric and their sub-groupings. After discussing the motor performance changes with age in symmetric tasks, we address age-related changes in motor lateralization that may affect the bilateral coordination of non-symmetric coordination. This is followed by a discussion of the contributions of cognitive, sensory, and cortical changes with age that influence and underlie bilateral motor performance. Finally, age-related changes in motor learning of bilateral movements are also considered. In general, most age related changes are found in complex symmetric movements but, surprisingly, there is a dearth of information about changes in the more challenging and ubiquitous non-symmetric bilateral movements. Future investigations should focus on broadening the understanding of age-related changes in complex, functionally relevant bilateral movements, such that the real-world implications of these changes may be derived.

Age-related changes in hand dominance and functional asymmetry in older adults

“…While the literature on age-related changes in hand function is abundant, less is known about changes in the level of functional asymmetry with advancing age. Reports do indicate that senescence is associated with overall decreased hand coordination [ 20 ] and that changes in sensorimotor performance may significantly reduce quality of life in old age [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Nonetheless, the effects of normal aging on inter-hand differences are not fully explained and are worthy of multidisciplinary investigation.…”

Age-related deficits in bilateral motor synergies and force coordination

“…Potential neurophysiological mechanisms underlying impaired interlimb coordination in older adults include altered functions in (a) the corpus callosum and (b) the cerebellum. During bilateral movement tasks, we must address interhemispheric connections through balancing interhemispheric inhibitions between hemispheres for successful task completion [35]. Brain imaging studies reported that older adults exhibited a smaller volume of the corpus callosum and reduced white matter integrity than young adults [36].…”

Impact of Sensory Deficits on Upper Limb Motor Performance in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review

“…Capacities such as joint mobility, strength and motor coordination are required to perform basic daily activities [38]. For the purpose of this review, upper limb functions were separated into two categories:…”