Age-Related Changes in Smoothness of Gait of Healthy Children and Early Adolescents

Leban, Bruno; Cimolin, Verônica; Porta, Micaela; Arippa, Federico; Pilloni, Giuseppina; Galli, Manuela

doi:10.1080/00222895.2019.1680949

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…A single miniaturized inertial sensor (G-Sensor ® , BTS Bioengineering, Milano, Italy), previously validated for investigations on gait in unaffected individuals and people with neurologic conditions [25][26][27][51][52][53], was placed on the participants' lower back, approximately at the L4-L5 vertebrae position. The sensor, which is sized 70 mm × 40 mm × 18 mm and weighs 37 g, is composed of a three-axis accelerometer, a three-axis gyroscope, and a three-axis magnetometer.…”

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HR is based on a spectral analysis of the acceleration signals and is related to the bilateral rhythmicity of movement, based on the measure of trunk acceleration during a stride that is expected to be formed by two alternating symmetric steps; it provides different kinds of information with respect to the traditional spatio-temporal parameters, which are focused on the lower limb symmetry at the distal level [22]. Recent studies demonstrated that the HR parameter is worthwhile in quantifying gait alterations associated with neurologic and orthopedic conditions, such as older people [23], Parkinson's disease patients [22], multiple sclerosis [24], normal weight and obese children/adolescents [25,26], Prader-Willi patients [27,28], and cognitively impaired individuals [29]; in several cases, it is able to reveal subtle changes in gait that might occur well before they become detectable in terms of conventional spatio-temporal parameters [22,[24][25][26]30]. Furthermore, it must be emphasized that trunk accelerations could be easily recorded by a single sensor in clinical settings or in other ecological contexts, without the limitations of a movement analysis laboratory, which requires expensive equipment, long setup times, and time-consuming post-processing procedures [26,28,30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Electrical Stimulation for Foot Drop in Post-Stroke People: Quantitative Effects on Step-to-Step Symmetry of Gait Using a Wearable Inertial Sensor

Schifino

Cimolin

Cunha

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The main purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of foot drop stimulators (FDS) in individuals with stroke by means of spatio-temporal and step-to-step symmetry, harmonic ratio (HR), parameters obtained from trunk accelerations acquired using a wearable inertial sensor. Thirty-two patients (age: 56.84 ± 9.10 years; 68.8% male) underwent an instrumental gait analysis, performed using a wearable inertial sensor before and a day after the 10-session treatment (PRE and POST sessions). The treatment consisted of 10 sessions of 20 min of walking on a treadmill while using the FDS device. The spatio-temporal parameters and the HR in the anteroposterior (AP), vertical (V), and mediolateral (ML) directions were computed from trunk acceleration data. The results showed that time had a significant effect on the spatio-temporal parameters; in particular, a significant increase in gait speed was detected. Regarding the HRs, the HR in the ML direction was found to have significantly increased (+20%), while those in the AP and V directions decreased (approximately 13%). Even if further studies are necessary, from these results, the HR seems to provide additional information on gait patterns with respect to the traditional spatio-temporal parameters, advancing the assessment of the effects of FDS devices in stroke patients.

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Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Electrical Stimulation for Foot Drop in Post-Stroke People: Quantitative Effects on Step-to-Step Symmetry of Gait Using a Wearable Inertial Sensor

Schifino

Cimolin

Cunha

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Finally, the difference (∆) between the measured mean values and normative values [8,[10][11][12] is calculated to determine the efficiency of used orthoses. A negative value of ∆ means that the value of the measured CP gait condition is less than the norm, and a positive value means that it is higher.…”

Section: Data Processing Sequencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spastic CP gait compared to normal pediatric gait [8] are characterized by increased amplitudes of joints in these movements: ankle dorsiflexion (dynamic equinus) or ankle plantarflexion during the stance phase of gait; knee flexion or hyperextension; hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation; and anterior pelvic tilt during the stance phase of gait [9]. The following deviations of the spatiotemporal parameters from the norms also occur [10][11][12]: walking velocity, cadence, stride length, step length, stance phase, and single support phase decrease; step width, double support, and swing phases increase [13,14]. Various therapeutic measures, including orthoses, are used to improve the spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters of CP children's gait, as well as their independence [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An effect of spinal and ankle-foot orthoses on gait of spastic diplegic child: A case report

Žižienė

Daunoravičienė

Juskeniene

et al. 2021

THC

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BACKGROUND: In children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP), the most common motor dysfunction is pathological gait. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of measures for an individual CP case. METHODS: The case of one spastic diplegia child has been analyzed. Both lower extremities and spine were examined under three gait conditions: 1) barefoot, 2) with ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) and thoracolumbosacral spinal orthosis (TLSO), and 3) with TLSO only. Spatiotemporal gait and kinematic parameters of the pelvic, hip, knee, ankle joints, and spine were obtained using Vicon Plug-in-Gait model. The difference (Δ) between the measured values and normative ranges was calculated to determine the efficiency of the orthoses. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in kinematic and spatiotemporal parameters comparing results between conditions and body sides. The effectiveness of the measures was confirmed by the smallest Δ values in the double and single support time with the AFOs/TLSO and in the stride and stance time with TLSO. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the study results, the best stability of the spine, ankle plantarflexion, and knee hyperextension is achieved with the AFOs/TLSO; therefore, this combination of measures was considered the most effective. However, not only quantitative parameters should be taken into account, but also the child’s willingness and comfort.

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“…This may occur during the development period and in the elderly, when motor control and musculoskeletal efficiency decline. Studies that evaluated gait symmetry at different ages in healthy individuals found conflicting results, with some papers reporting no age-related effects on gait symmetry [11,[15][16][17][18], and other studies showing the presence of these effects [19][20][21][22][23][24]. A major difference between the two sets of studies was the procedure to compute gait symmetry: in the first set of studies gait symmetry assessment was based on bilateral differences concerning measurements of local parameters, such as spatiotemporal or joint measures associated with gait cycle, while the second set of studies obtained gait symmetry from changes in the whole-body acceleration during right and left walking steps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the Effects of Age and Speed on Whole-Body Gait Symmetry by Using a Single Wearable Sensor

Casabona

Valle

Mangano

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Studies on gait symmetry in healthy population have mainly been focused on small range of age categories, neglecting Teenagers (13–18 years old) and Middle-Aged persons (51–60 years old). Moreover, age-related effects on gait symmetry were found only when the symmetry evaluation was based on whole-body acceleration than on spatiotemporal parameters of the gait cycle. Here, we provide a more comprehensive analysis of this issue, using a Symmetry Index (SI) based on whole-body acceleration recorded on individuals aged 6 to 84 years old. Participants wore a single inertial sensor placed on the lower back and walked for 10 m at comfortable, slow and fast speeds. The SI was computed using the coefficient of correlation of whole-body acceleration measured at right and left gait cycles. Young Adults (19–35 years old) and Adults (36–50 years old) showed stable SI over the three speed conditions, while Children (6–12 years old), Teenagers (13–18 years old), Middle-Aged persons and Elderly (61–70 and 71–84 years old) exhibited lower SI values when walking at fast speed. Overall, this study confirms that whole-body gait symmetry is lower in Children and in Elderly persons over 60 years of age, showing, for the first time, that asymmetries appear also during teenage period and in Middle-Aged persons (51–60 years old).

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Age-Related Changes in Smoothness of Gait of Healthy Children and Early Adolescents

Cited by 12 publications

References 47 publications

Functional Electrical Stimulation for Foot Drop in Post-Stroke People: Quantitative Effects on Step-to-Step Symmetry of Gait Using a Wearable Inertial Sensor

Functional Electrical Stimulation for Foot Drop in Post-Stroke People: Quantitative Effects on Step-to-Step Symmetry of Gait Using a Wearable Inertial Sensor

An effect of spinal and ankle-foot orthoses on gait of spastic diplegic child: A case report

Identifying the Effects of Age and Speed on Whole-Body Gait Symmetry by Using a Single Wearable Sensor

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