Age-related changes in the density and tensile strength of human femoral cortical bone

Wall, J. C.; Chatterji, S.; Jeffery, J. W.

doi:10.1007/bf02441170

Cited by 100 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…Send offprint requests to S. Chatterji, Teknologisk Inst., T~tstrup, Denmark. rate of decrease of tensile strength is higher than the rate of decrease in density [1]. It would thus appear that the loss of tensile strength of human bone with advancing age could not be fully accounted for by a decrease in density.…”

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“…It has previously been observed that after the third decade of life the tensile strength of bone decreases faster than its density [1], indicating that some microstructural change occurs in bone with advancing age. In order to try to elucidate this observation, the orientation and particle size of the mineral phase of bone have been studied with respect to age.…”

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Age-related changes in the orientation and particle size of the mineral phase in human femoral cortical bone

1981

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It has previously been observed that after the third decade of life the tensile strength of bone decreases faster than its density [1], indicating that some microstructural change occurs in bone with advancing age. In order to try to elucidate this observation, the orientation and particle size of the mineral phase of bone have been studied with respect to age. Samples were taken from femora varying in age from 13 to 97 years. The results show that the degree of preferred orientation does not vary with age after the first decade of life. However, the percentage of small particles increased up to the fourth decade of life and thereafter decreased, a pattern of change similar to that observed for bone strength. It would seem to indicate that an increase in mineral particle size is a factor that contributes to the loss of bone strength and that an increased percentage of bone strength and that an increased percentage of large particles in the later years of life could, along with osteoporosis, help to explain the increased fragility in the bones of the elderly.

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Age-related changes in the orientation and particle size of the mineral phase in human femoral cortical bone

1981

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“…The responses of subchondral bone to joint loading are not completely understood, but it appears to respond in a manner similar to other bony tissues (Radin and Paul, 1971;Simon et al, 1972;Eckstein et al, 1995;Murray et al, 2001;Burr and Radin, 2003), and while bone mineral density is largely influenced by heredity (Krall and DawsonHughes, 1993), other environmental factors such as exercise play significant roles (e.g., Forwood and Burr, 1993;Magkos et al, 2007). Increasing bone density confers several advantages, such as increased strength in compression, compressive modulus, fatigue life, resistance to crack initiation, and tensile strength (Carter and Hayes, 1977;Wright and Hayes, 1977;Wall et al, 1979;Currey, 1988Currey, , 2002Rice et al, 1988).…”

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Knee Posture Predicted from Subchondral Apparent Density in the Distal Femur: An Experimental Validation

Polk

Blumenfeld

Ahluwalia

2008

The Anatomical Record

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Spatial patterning in the apparent density of subchondral bone can be used to discriminate between species that differ in their joint loading conditions. This study provides an experimental test of two hypotheses that relate aspects of subchondral apparent density patterns to joint loading conditions. First, the region of maximum subchondral apparent density (RMD) will correspond to differences in joint posture at the time of peak locomotor loads; and second, differences in maximum density between individuals will correspond to differences in exercise level. These hypotheses were tested using three age-matched samples of juvenile sheep. Two groups of five sheep were exercised, at moderate walking speeds, twice daily for 45 days on a treadmill with either a 0% or 15% grade. The remaining sheep were not exercised. Sheep walking on the inclined treadmill used more flexed knee postures than those in the level walking group at the time of peak vertical ground reaction forces. Kinematic measurements of knee posture were compared with knee postures estimated from the spatial position of the RMD on the medial femoral condyle. Our results show that the difference in the position of the RMD between the incline and level walking groups corresponded to the difference in knee postures obtained kinematically; however, exercised and nonexercised sheep did not differ in the magnitude of apparent density. These results suggest that patterns of subchondral apparent density are good indicators of the experimental modifications in joint posture during locomotion and may, therefore, be used to investigate differences between species in habitual joint loading.

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“…The most common bone studied is the femur. Quasistatic and dynamic tensile and bending tests of human femoral cortical bone have determined that the femur responds with increasing strength and stiffness from youth to the third or fourth decade and then decreases [106,150,[202][203][204][205][206]. Specifically, tensile tests have revealed that pediatric femur tissue has a low modulus of elasticity, lower ash content, and absorbs more energy to fracture than the adult femurs [207].…”

Section: Biomechanical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Biomechanics

Arbogast¹,

Maltese²

2014

Accidental Injury

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During the human postnatal developmental process, extensive tissue and morphological changes occur. Many take place in the first few years of life but substantial development for several body regions continues well into young adulthood. Along with overall change in size, these material and structural changes influence the biomechanical response of child such that they respond differently to traumatic load than an adult. Understanding the unique biomechanical response of the child is challenging, as compared to the wealth of biomechanical data on the adult response to trauma, pediatric biomechanical data are relatively sparse. As a result, quantitative scaling relationships based on anatomical and material differences have been historically used to understand the biomechanics of the child. The last decade, however, has seen a tremendous increase in contributions to the biomechanics literature based upon pediatric subjects -volunteers, postmortem human subjects, and animal models -thus increasing our knowledge of how to design injury mitigation systems to protect the young.In this chapter, aspects of developmental anatomy and biomechanical knowledge are reviewed to provide context for pediatric human injury prediction. Emphasis is initially placed on the head and brain as this body region represents the most common seriously injured body region for children in virtually all unintentional injury modes. Specifically, head injuries are particularly relevant clinically as the developing brain is difficult to evaluate and treat, and even mild brain injuries in childhood can lead to deficits that remain long after the injury. Discussion follows on the cervical spine and thorax as these body regions are not only important from an injury mitigation standpoint but they govern the kinematics of the head during traumatic loading and therefore play a role in head injury protection. A brief description follows for the other body regions: the abdomen

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Age-related changes in the density and tensile strength of human femoral cortical bone

Cited by 100 publications

References 11 publications

Age-related changes in the orientation and particle size of the mineral phase in human femoral cortical bone

Age-related changes in the orientation and particle size of the mineral phase in human femoral cortical bone

Knee Posture Predicted from Subchondral Apparent Density in the Distal Femur: An Experimental Validation

Pediatric Biomechanics

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