Age-related changes in the inflammatory responses to viral infections in the central nervous system during childhood

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The developmental stages and function of immune cells in the central nervous system during infancy and childhood are poorly understood. We analyzed whether cytokine and chemokine profiles in children and adolescents with viral central nervous system infections were different depending on age. METHODS: The acute phase cerebrospinal fluid of 80 children (mean age 98 months, range 1-206 months) were analyzed for protein levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β),

Interrelationship and Sequencing of Interleukins4, 13, 31, and 33 – An Integrated Systematic Review: Dermatological and Multidisciplinary Perspectives

“… 156 In this study, CSF expression of IL-4 and IL-13 was found to increase with age in response to viral infections, suggesting their importance in the risk of developing of long-term sequelae. 168 In their study, Silva et al found that IL-4 knockout mice with experimentally induced neurocysticercosis had lower cerebral edema, lower inflammatory infiltrates and prolonged survival of the parasites in the brain. 169 This indicates that IL-4 is preferentially expressed in response to infections in an attempt to reduce brain damage, possibly explaining the previous observations that asymptomatic patients from endemic areas exhibit increased production of IL-4 and IL-13.…”

“… 153 , 154 The exact effect of IL-33 on the remyelination of MS lesions is also controversial, some studies indicating inhibition of CNS myelination, while others indicate favoring of myelin repair. 153–155 , 168 …”

“…153,154 The exact effect of IL-33 on the remyelination of MS lesions is also controversial, some studies indicating inhibition of CNS myelination, while others indicate favoring of myelin repair. [153][154][155]168 A few studies have identified higher expression of IL-33 in the serum and CSF of patients with neuro-Behcet disease (NBD) (in comparison with patients suffering from non-inflammatory neurological diseases), as well as an association with higher levels of specific chemokines. 153,154 However, the exact role of IL-33 in NBD needs further clarifications.…”

Age-specific dynamics of neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines in response to La Crosse virus infection in mice

“…To advance this research direction, it is essential to conduct a thorough characterization of not only Th1/Th2 cytokines but also Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg cytokines and chemokines during LACV infection. The investigation of cytokine profiles becomes particularly crucial in the context of age-dependent viral infections infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) (24). This study demonstrated that cytokine and chemokine profiles in children and adolescents with tick-borne encephalitis vary depending on age (24).…”

“…The investigation of cytokine profiles becomes particularly crucial in the context of age-dependent viral infections infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) (24). This study demonstrated that cytokine and chemokine profiles in children and adolescents with tick-borne encephalitis vary depending on age (24). Such variability in cytokine and chemokine responses may significantly influence the outcome of viral infections and the subsequent risk of severe disease outcomes.…”