Age-Related Changes In The Resident Bacterial Flora Of The Human Face

Leyden, James J.; McGiley, Kenneth J.; Mills, Otto H.; Kligman, Albert M.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12607630

Cited by 168 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, in our study, when the same strains of Micrococcaceae were tested against strains of P. acnes as indicators of inhibitory activity, the frequency rose to 9.5%. Because P. acnes outnumbers Micrococcaceae on the skin by about ten to one (Leyden et al, 1975;Puhvel, Reisner and Amirian, 1975) the production of inhibitors of P. acnes may be of survival advantage to the Micrococcaceae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Propionibacterium acnes (Corynebacterium acnes) which for many years since its first isolation (Sabouraud, 1897) has been considered the likeliest pathogen, co-exists on normal skin, in healthy sebaceous follicles and in acne lesions with members of the Micrococcaceae, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis biotype 1 (Baird-Parker, 1974), and with the yeast Pityrosporum ovule. This subject was well reviewed by Rosenberg (1969) and by Marples (1974). The production of inflammatory lesions when P .…”

Section: Plate I11mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were also typed by the method of Kloos and Schleifer (1975) and all belonged to the group S. epidermidis. Indicator strains of P. acnes were typed by the method of Marples and McGinley (1974) and comprised 16 strains of P. acnes I, one strain of P. acnes IIA and three strains of P. acnes IIB. …”

Section: Plate I11mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intergeneric and Intrageneric Inhibition Between Strains of Propionibacterium Acnes and Micrococcaceae, Particularly Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Isolated from Normal Skin and Acne Lesions

Holland

Cunliffe²,

Eady

1979

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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P. acnes; (2) to determine whether strains of P . acnes produce inhibitors of S. epidermidis and of P. acnes; and (3) to determine the frequency of occurrence of inhibitory strains on normal and acne skin.MATERIALS AND METHODS Media. Nutrient Broth Number 2, Blood Agar Base, and Reinforced Clostridial Medium were obtained from Oxoid Limited, Southwark Bridge Road, London, SE1 9HF. Brain Heart Infusion Agar was purchased from Difco Laboratories, PO Box 14B, Central Avenue, West Molesey, Surrey.Source of bacteria. All strains of bacteria were isolated from the faces or backs of 44 subjects attending the acne clinic at the Leeds General Infirmary or from employees of the Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds (table I). All subjects were in the age range 15-30 years, with the exception of one patient aged 39 who had severe acne. There were 29 females and 15 males. Patients were graded according to a modification of the scheme of Burton et al. (1971), increasing the number of grades within the ' low acne ' group.Only subjects without evidence of acne on face, back and chest were regarded as controls.Samples were obtained from the skin surface with swabs soaked in nutrient broth. Organisms were released from the swab by agitation in 10 ml of nutrient broth on a rotamixer for 5 s; 0.1-ml volumes of the undiluted and tenfold diluted samples were plated out on heated blood agar (7 % v/v horse blood, Oxoid) for isolation of Micrococcaceae and on Brain Heart Infusion Agar with 0.3 % glucose added for isolation of P. acnes. Plates were incubated at 37"C, for 2 days aerobically for Micrococcaceae and 7 days anaerobically for P. acnes in an atmosphere of H2 plus 10 % C02 in Baird and Tatlock cold-catalyst anaerobic jars.Strains for use in inhibition tests were selected on the basis of predominant colonial types of either P. acnes or Micrococcaceae, verified by Gram staining and coded as follows: M = Micrococcaceae; P = Propionibacterium; F = isolated from face; B = isolated from back; hence MF1 , MB2, PF1 , PB2, etc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plate I11mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intergeneric and Intrageneric Inhibition Between Strains of Propionibacterium Acnes and Micrococcaceae, Particularly Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Isolated from Normal Skin and Acne Lesions

Holland

Cunliffe²,

Eady

1979

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Actinobacteria (52%), Firmicutes (24%), Proteobacteria (17%) and Bacteroidetes (7%) are the four most abundant species identified on the skin 8. Previous studies have shown that it is not only skin topography that influences microbial colonization, but also a vast range of host‐specific factors including age and sex, and environmental factors such as occupation, clothing choice, antibiotic use, cosmetics, soaps, environmental temperature, humidity, and longitudinal and/or latitudinal variation in UV exposure, which can all contribute to the variability seen in the microbial flora of the skin 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Moreover, changes or aberrations in the skin microbiome have been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous skin diseases such as AD and AV 16.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic literature review of the human skin microbiome as biomarker for dermatological drug development

Kolk

Wall

Balmforth

et al. 2018

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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AimsTo explore the potential of the skin microbiome as biomarker in six dermatological conditions: atopic dermatitis (AD), acne vulgaris (AV), psoriasis vulgaris (PV), hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), seborrhoeic dermatitis/pityriasis capitis (SD/PC) and ulcus cruris (UC).MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Two investigators independently reviewed the included studies and ranked the suitability microbiome implementation for early phase clinical studies in an adapted GRADE method.ResultsIn total, 841 papers were identified and after screening of titles and abstracts for eligibility we identified 42 manuscripts that could be included in the review. Eleven studies were included for AD, five for AV, 10 for PV, two for HS, four for SD and 10 for UC. For AD and AV, multiple studies report the relationship between the skin microbiome, disease severity and clinical response to treatment. This is currently lacking for the remaining conditions.ConclusionFor two indications – AD and AV – there is preliminary evidence to support implementation of the skin microbiome as biomarkers in early phase clinical trials. For PV, UC, SD and HS there is insufficient evidence from the literature. More microbiome‐directed prospective studies studying the effect of current treatments on the microbiome with special attention for patient meta‐data, sampling methods and analysis methods are needed to draw more substantial conclusions.

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“…appeared to be the causative agent. [12] Treatment of acne vulgaris often includes combinations of oral and topical agents such as antimicrobials, retinoids, and hormonal agents. Laser and light sources are additional treatment options.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriology of Acne

Srikanth¹,

Kalyani²,

Mohan³

et al. 2015

jemds

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CONTEXT: Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disorder in youth and is of multifactorial etiology. Severe forms of acne are often therapy resistant. AIMS: To determine bacteria involved in acne vulgaris and to determine the in vitro antibiotic sensitivity of aerobic isolates. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross sectional study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Samples from skin lesions of study group (80 patients) and normal skin of control group (20 patients) were collected by sterile swabs. The specimens were used for aerobic and anaerobic culture at 37°C. The isolates were subjected to biochemical tests for identification. All the aerobic isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing by disc diffusion method. RESULTS: High incidence of acne was found in the age group of 13-20 years (76.25%). Males were more affected than females. Pustules (76.25%) were the commonest presentation. Students (71.25%) were more commonly affected. Among aerobic isolates (71.24%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (54.38%) was the most common organism. Among the anaerobes, Propionibacterium acnes (55.17) were the most common. Among the aerobic isolates, most were sensitive to Minocycline followed by Ofloxacin, Azithromycin, Cephalexin, Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole and Ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, acne affected individuals were young males, especially students, with pustules being the commonest presentation. Staphylococcus epidermidis, the dominant organism isolated was susceptible to Ofloxacin, Minocycline and Azithromycin.

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Age-Related Changes In The Resident Bacterial Flora Of The Human Face

Cited by 168 publications

References 7 publications

Intergeneric and Intrageneric Inhibition Between Strains of Propionibacterium Acnes and Micrococcaceae, Particularly Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Isolated from Normal Skin and Acne Lesions

Intergeneric and Intrageneric Inhibition Between Strains of Propionibacterium Acnes and Micrococcaceae, Particularly Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Isolated from Normal Skin and Acne Lesions

A systematic literature review of the human skin microbiome as biomarker for dermatological drug development

Bacteriology of Acne

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