Age-related Osteoporosis

Time-dependent circumferential deformation of cortical bone subjected to internal radial loading

“…A second attempt for a hip replacement has an even higher failure rate (Courtney et al, 1995;Graves, 1994). The cost of an average individual hip fracture is $29,800 (Brainsky et al, 1995) and the annual total cost of hip fractures is between $7 and 10 billion in the U. S. By the year 2020, the total cost may be as high as $60 billion (Edwards and Perry III, 1994;Babbitt, 1994).…”

Pharmaceutical performance testing of commercially available calcium supplements

“…Some of the risk factors cannot be changed, including being female 35 , postmenopausal 36,37 , having a small skeleton 38 , being Caucasian/Asian 39,40 , family history of osteoporosis and fractures 41,42 , and advanced age 43,44 , while many other factors are controllable, such as calcium-consuming medications like steroids (used to treat asthma and arthritis) 45 and high dosages of thyroid hormone 46 , inadequate or excessive intake of fiber and phosphorous nutrients 47 , excessive exercise 48 , low body weight 48 , cigarette smoking 49, 50 and high alcohol consumption 51 .…”