Ageing of Laboratory Irongall Inks Studied by Reflectance Spectrometry

Sistach, M. Carme; Gibert, Josep M.; Areal, Rogelio

doi:10.1515/rest.1999.20.3-4.151

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The dyed textiles (Figure 9 and Table 4 ) showed an increase in redness (+Δa* and a greater reflectance of 600–700 nm light), particularly for the dyed cotton and abaca, and yellowness (+Δb* and a greater reflectance of 560–600 nm light) with age. These results are explained by the breakdown of the blue-black iron-tannate dye complex with thermal ageing as previously described [ 6 , 7 ] (see also Additional file 1 ), which has been observed with model iron gall inks on paper and traditionally dyed New Zealand flax on ageing [ 6 , 32 ]. The reflectance spectra of the four week accelerated aged dyed cotton and abaca correlate well with the reflectance spectra of the cellulosic museum objects analysed (Figure 9 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…All of the iron-tannate dyes caused similar mid to dark blue/grey colouration of the substitute textiles (Figure 6 ). The colour is due to a charge transfer in the iron-tannate dye complex [ 2 ] which causes a relatively strong absorption of red light (600–700 nm with an absorption maximum at pH 4 of 620 nm [ 6 ]). Comparable reflectance spectra have been reported with laboratory produced iron gall ink [ 6 ] and traditionally dyed Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) [ 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exact shade of black, brown, or grey of iron-tannate dyes varies depending on the method of dyeing used and the types and quality of reagents included [ 5 ]. Additionally, the dyes can become browner with age as the dye complex is broken down and coloured degradation products such as brown quinones and iron(III) oxides, and yellow ellagic acid are formed [ 6 , 7 ]. See Additional file 1 for further detail on the colour, acidity, and complex structure of iron-tannate dyes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production and validation of model iron-tannate dyed textiles for use as historic textile substitutes in stabilisation treatment studies

Wilson

Carr

Hacke³

2012

Chemistry Central Journal

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BackgroundFor millennia, iron-tannate dyes have been used to colour ceremonial and domestic objects shades of black, grey, or brown. Surviving iron-tannate dyed objects are part of our cultural heritage but their existence is threatened by the dye itself which can accelerate oxidation and acid hydrolysis of the substrate. This causes many iron-tannate dyed textiles to discolour and decrease in tensile strength and flexibility at a faster rate than equivalent undyed textiles. The current lack of suitable stabilisation treatments means that many historic iron-tannate dyed objects are rapidly crumbling to dust with the knowledge and value they hold being lost forever.This paper describes the production, characterisation, and validation of model iron-tannate dyed textiles as substitutes for historic iron-tannate dyed textiles in the development of stabilisation treatments. Spectrophotometry, surface pH, tensile testing, SEM-EDX, and XRF have been used to characterise the model textiles.ResultsOn application to textiles, the model dyes imparted mid to dark blue-grey colouration, an immediate tensile strength loss of the textiles and an increase in surface acidity. The dyes introduced significant quantities of iron into the textiles which was distributed in the exterior and interior of the cotton, abaca, and silk fibres but only in the exterior of the wool fibres. As seen with historic iron-tannate dyed objects, the dyed cotton, abaca, and silk textiles lost tensile strength faster and more significantly than undyed equivalents during accelerated thermal ageing and all of the dyed model textiles, most notably the cotton, discoloured more than the undyed equivalents on ageing.ConclusionsThe abaca, cotton, and silk model textiles are judged to be suitable for use as substitutes for cultural heritage materials in the testing of stabilisation treatments.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production and validation of model iron-tannate dyed textiles for use as historic textile substitutes in stabilisation treatment studies

Wilson

Carr

Hacke³

2012

Chemistry Central Journal

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“…Several analytical techniques such as proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy [4], gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry [10,11], UV-vis spectrometry [12], atomic absorption spectrometry [12], reflectance spectrometry [13], scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis [14], X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [15] have been applied for determining the constituents of ink. Most of these techniques are complex and generally require several time consuming analytical steps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic evaluation and characterization of different historical writing inks

Senvaitienė

Beganskienė

Kareiva

2005

Vibrational Spectroscopy

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“…There are a number of suggestions for the preparation of iron gall inks of different compositions, [1] but all of them report the presence of three basic ingredients: [2] tannin, vitriol (iron(II) sulfate), and gum arabicum. The term tannins [3] has historically been used to describe the group of chemical compounds used for tanning hides to make leather.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids for the Efficient Treatment of Iron Gall Inked Papers

Ceres¹,

Conte²,

Mirruzzo³

et al. 2008

ChemSusChem

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Iron gall inks have been known since Roman times, were widely used in the Medieval Age, and became the most used ink in the Renaissance period. They were still officially used by the German Government as recently as 1973. The two main constituents of the ink are tannic acid and ferrous sulfate (vitriol). The vitriol normally used was not very pure and likely contained a mixture of iron sulfate with traces of other metals, in particular, copper. Certain transition-metal ions contained in iron gall inks and their acidity are known to deteriorate paper. Therefore, stabilization treatments consist of deacidification and the addition of antioxidants. To this end, the use of tetraalkylammonium bromides was recently proposed. Here, it is shown that 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide both in aqueous and in alcoholic solution can prevent the oxidative deterioration of cellulose. Furthermore, it does not lead to the yellowing of paper nor does it significantly affect the colour of the ink.

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Ageing of Laboratory Irongall Inks Studied by Reflectance Spectrometry

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Production and validation of model iron-tannate dyed textiles for use as historic textile substitutes in stabilisation treatment studies

Production and validation of model iron-tannate dyed textiles for use as historic textile substitutes in stabilisation treatment studies

Spectroscopic evaluation and characterization of different historical writing inks

Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids for the Efficient Treatment of Iron Gall Inked Papers

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