Production and validation of model iron-tannate dyed textiles for use as historic textile substitutes in stabilisation treatment studies

Abstract

BackgroundFor millennia, iron-tannate dyes have been used to colour ceremonial and domestic objects shades of black, grey, or brown. Surviving iron-tannate dyed objects are part of our cultural heritage but their existence is threatened by the dye itself which can accelerate oxidation and acid hydrolysis of the substrate. This causes many iron-tannate dyed textiles to discolour and decrease in tensile strength and flexibility at a faster rate than equivalent undyed textiles. The current lack of suitable stabilisation treatments means that many historic iron-tannate dyed objects are rapidly crumbling to dust with the knowledge and value they hold being lost forever.This paper describes the production, characterisation, and validation of model iron-tannate dyed textiles as substitutes for historic iron-tannate dyed textiles in the development of stabilisation treatments. Spectrophotometry, surface pH, tensile testing, SEM-EDX, and XRF have been used to characterise the model textiles.ResultsOn application to textiles, the model dyes imparted mid to dark blue-grey colouration, an immediate tensile strength loss of the textiles and an increase in surface acidity. The dyes introduced significant quantities of iron into the textiles which was distributed in the exterior and interior of the cotton, abaca, and silk fibres but only in the exterior of the wool fibres. As seen with historic iron-tannate dyed objects, the dyed cotton, abaca, and silk textiles lost tensile strength faster and more significantly than undyed equivalents during accelerated thermal ageing and all of the dyed model textiles, most notably the cotton, discoloured more than the undyed equivalents on ageing.ConclusionsThe abaca, cotton, and silk model textiles are judged to be suitable for use as substitutes for cultural heritage materials in the testing of stabilisation treatments.

Analysis of natural dyes and metal threads used in 16th -18th century Persian/Safavid and Indian/Mughal velvets by HPLC-PDA and SEM-EDS to investigate the system to differentiate velvets of these two cultures

“…Ellagic acid, which is likely formed from hydrolysable tannin [56], was detected at 15.6 minutes from those black samples ( Figure 8B). In one of the black thread samples of Persian velvet (acc.…”

“…Those black pile samples appeared to be more brittle than other colored samples and those black piles missing from the velvets. This was likely caused by iron-mordant being used with tannins to achieve the black color [56,57] page 95-96.…”

Synthesis and characterization of ferric tannate as a novel porous adsorptive-catalyst for nitrogen removal from wastewater

“…15 Furthermore, a highly cross-linked network of ferric tannate was found to exhibit a rough and porous surface, 16 …”

Consolidation of Black-dyed Māori Textile Artefacts: Evaluating the Efficacy of Sodium Alginate

“…Hydrolysable tannins are glucose esters of phenolic acids (gallic acid, ellagic acid) and when combined with iron ions form blueblack iron (III) tannate dye complexes (Wilson 2012). Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) are polymers of flavan-3-ol (catechin) monomers, and when com-bined with iron ions form green-black coloured dye complexes (Wilson 2012;Wilson, Carr, and Hacke 2012). Daniels (1999a) suggested that condensed tannins (i.e.…”