This study aimed to determine the relative effects of fiber type (fine wool, mid-micron wool, acrylic), yarn type (high-twist, low-twist, single), and fabric structure (single jersey, half-terry, terry) on thermal resistance, water vapor resistance, thermal conductance, water vapor permeability, liquid absorption capacity, and regain of sock fabrics. Fabric structure had the greatest effect on thermal resistance, water vapor resistance, water vapor permeability, liquid absorption capacity, and thermal conductance. Terry fabrics were the most thermal and water vapor resistant, most absorbent, and most conductive. Results were consistent with current understanding of the effect of fabric thickness on thermal and moisture transfer properties when measured under static conditions: However, the effects of yarn type and/or fabric structure of sock fabrics have not previously been explained.

Objective: This in vitro study aims to evaluate load-to-failure of ceramic veneers with butt joint (BJ) and feathered edge (FE) incisal preparation designs, and to correlate these results to the failure mode of the restorations. Materials and methods:One hundred and forty-eight typodont teeth (customized Nissin A25A-UL19B) were divided into two different preparation configurations BJ and FE and two different loading angulations, 0 and 20 . Lithium disilicate ceramic veneers (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) were milled using computer-aided-designand-computer-aided-manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. Veneers were bonded to typodont teeth with resin cement (IPS Variolink Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent). Each group was loaded at the incisal edge using an Instron Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.01 mm/s till failure.Results: Pairwise comparison showed veneers from the BJ groups had a significantly higher load-to-failure value compared to the FE groups. Veneers with a FE preparation design loaded at 20 angulation had the lowest load-to-failure value.Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, both incisal preparation designs and loading angulations have significant effects on the load-to-failure values of ceramic veneers. BJ group exhibits a significantly higher load-to-failure value compared to the FE group.Clinical significance: BJ incisal preparation is preferred over FE preparation design. K E Y W O R D S butt joint, feathered edge, load-to-failure, preparation design, veneer preparation 1 | INTRODUCTION Ceramic veneers have become a popular treatment modality due to their conservative and esthetic nature and clinical performance. 1-3Compared to resin composite veneers, ceramic veneers are stronger and more durable, as they are less susceptible to wear, marginal fracture, discoloration, staining, and plaque accumulation. 4-6 A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical outcome of ceramic veneers showed that both feldspathic porcelain and glass-ceramic laminate veneers have high survival rates. 7 Glass-ceramic laminate veneers show a slightly higher survival rate than feldspathic porcelain veneers, 94% vs 87%, respectively. The complications reported were fracture/chipping (4%), debonding (2%), severe marginal discoloration (2%), endodontic problems (2%), and secondary caries (1%). 7 A recent retrospective clinical study conducted in a university setting by two academic staff with a follow-up of 20 years indicated that ceramic fracture was the main reason for failure of ceramic veneers. 1 This finding is also supported by numerous earlier clinical studies. 3,8-16

The objective of this study was to measure the combined effects of fiber type (fine wool, mid-micron wool, acrylic), yarn type (high twist, low twist, single) and fabric structure (single jersey, half-terry, terry) on friction between sock fabrics and a synthetic skin using the horizontal platform method. The effect of weight of a hypothetical wearer and moisture content of a sock fabric were also investigated. Differences among fabrics were analyzed using frictional force traces. Data compared included the static and dynamic friction and coefficients of friction, as well as three new descriptive parameters. All variables investigated affected the frictional characteristics between a sock fabric and a synthetic skin. Single jersey fabrics had the lowest coefficient of static and dynamic friction. Friction between fabric and a synthetic skin was affected most by the applied weight, with the simulated adult weight resulting in a greater frictional force, and higher coefficients of static and dynamic friction. The most important effect of fiber was on the static frictional force and coefficient of static friction of damp fabrics, with fabrics composed of fine wool exhibiting lowest friction, and acrylic fabrics the highest.

The extremely precise preparation margin possible with ultrasonic instruments improves the quality and accuracy of crown preparations, which may lead to better impressions and closer adaptation of restorations. The complete set of three Perfect Margin Shoulder instruments is recommended, which can produce comparable bond strengths to preparations with rotary instruments.

Flow and sediment regimes of floodplain rivers around the world have been changed by river regulation and land management, altering the ecological processes structuring riparian plant communities. However, the combined effects of inundation and sedimentation processes on riparian plant survival and growth are poorly understood. The separate and interactive effects of inundation duration and sedimentation depth on survival, growth and vegetative reproduction of two herbaceous clonal river bank plant species, Carex bichenoviana and Calotis scapigera, were investigated in an outdoor laboratory experiment. Plants were grown under three levels of sediment addition and two levels of inundation duration and were harvested after 60 days. Both species survived up to 30 days inundation in the absence of sediment. Growth and vegetative reproduction were increased for C. scapigera, but reduced for C. bichenoviana. Sediment deposition during periods of inundation reduced survival of both species, with C. scapigera unable to survive. Carex bichenoviana survived, but as inundation duration and depth of sediment increased, growth and vegetative reproduction were reduced. Our results indicate sediment deposition during flooding can change the tolerance of riparian plant species to inundation, reducing survival and growth.