Aging Changes in the Vascular System of Animals

Jones, T. C.; Zook, Bernard C.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb49434.x

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The prevalence of HMs consistent with DMVD in the current study (3.54%, 95% CI: 3.26-3.84) is similar to that based on clinical record data from a teaching hospital (3.5%), 5 but lower than figures derived from postmortem examinations (34.4-69.7%). [7][8][9] These discrepancies might be because of under-reporting of HMs within EPRs, geographical, or temporal variation, different methods of case detection and case definitions as well as different denominator populations. Dogs included in postmortem studies are likely to be older and this will have a marked effect on the observed prevalence of disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Published estimates of prevalence are currently limited to populations of high-risk breeds, [1][2][3][4] derived from teaching hospitals 5 or based on studies conducted several decades ago. [6][7][8][9] These estimates range from 3.5% based on electronic patient record (EPR) data 5 to over 50% based on the presence of valvular lesions at postmortem examination. 8 The prevalence of DMVD in the general population of dogs currently attending primary-care practices in England might differ from these values.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs Attending Primary‐care Veterinary Practices in England

Mattin

Boswood

Church

et al. 2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundTo date, epidemiological studies on degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) in dogs have largely reported referral caseloads or been limited to predisposed breeds. Analysis of primary‐care data to identify factors associated with DMVD would help clinicians identify high‐risk individuals and improve understanding.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of and identify risk factors for DMVD in dogs attending primary‐care veterinary practices in England.AnimalsCases were identified within the electronic patient records of 111,967 dogs attending 93 practices. Four hundred and 5 dogs were diagnosed with DMVD (diagnosed cases) and a further 3,557 dogs had a heart murmur (HM) consistent with DMVD (possible cases).MethodsRetrospective cross‐sectional study design. Prevalence was adjusted for the sampling approach. Mixed effects logistic regression models identified factors associated with DMVD.ResultsPrevalence estimates of diagnosed DMVD and HMs consistent with DMVD (both diagnosed and possible cases) were 0.36% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29–0.45) and 3.54% (95% CI: 3.26–3.84) respectively. In the multivariable analysis, males had higher odds of diagnosed DMVD than did females (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12–1.74). Insured dogs had increased odds of DMVD compared with noninsured dogs (OR 3.56, 95% CI: 2.79–4.55) and dogs ≥20 kg had approximately half the odds of DMVD diagnosis compared with dogs <20 kg (OR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36–0.74). Strong associations between a DMVD diagnosis and individual breeds and age were identified.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDegenerative mitral valve disease was a common disorder in practice‐attending dogs. Knowledge of identified risk factors for DMVD could improve clinical diagnosis and direct future research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs Attending Primary‐care Veterinary Practices in England

Mattin

Boswood

Church

et al. 2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Among these age-associated changes are reduced stroke volume and cardiac output as signs of systolic dysfunction (though not necessarily accompanied by a reduced EF), and a reduced E/A ratio as a sign of diastolic dysfunction. Additionally, age increases the risk of degenerative valve disease (DVD) in both humans (Singh et al 1999) and dogs (Urfer et al 2017;Detweiler and Patterson 1965;Jones and Zook 1965).…”

Section: Effects On Cardiac Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomized controlled trial to establish effects of short-term rapamycin treatment in 24 middle-aged companion dogs

et al. 2017

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Age is the single greatest risk factor for most causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and their companion animals. As opposed to other model organisms used to study aging, dogs share the human environment, are subject to similar risk factors, receive comparable medical care, and develop many of the same age-related diseases humans do. In this study, 24 middle-aged healthy dogs received either placebo or a non-immunosuppressive dose of rapamycin for 10 weeks. All dogs received clinical and hematological exams before, during, and after the trial and echocardiography before and after the trial. Our results showed no clinical side effects in the rapamycin-treated group compared to dogs receiving the placebo. Echocardiography suggested improvement in both diastolic and systolic age-related measures of heart function (E/A ratio, fractional shortening, and ejection fraction) in the rapamycin-treated dogs. Hematological values remained within the normal range for all parameters studied; however, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was decreased in rapamycin-treated dogs. Based on these results, we will test rapamycin on a larger dog cohort for a longer period of time in order to validate its effects on cardiac function and to determine whether it can significantly improve healthspan and reduce mortality in companion dogs.

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“…Given these limitations, most of the available models of DVD create cardiac pathology in dogs and swine through surgically severing the chordae tendineae (Houser et al 2012), rather than studying DVD in the context of normative aging. While the hemodynamic changes thus created mimic the situation in DVD, the fact that this intervention is performed in young animals in an acute fashion limits its usefulness as a model for changes associated with normative aging, which include gradual age-related alterations to the myocardium in addition to gradual valvular changes (Akasheva et al 2015;Jones and Zook 1965;Fairweather 1992). Additionally, all of these models are studied in captive animals maintained in laboratory conditions, which fail to recapitulate important features of the natural environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymptomatic heart valve dysfunction in healthy middle-aged companion dogs and its implications for cardiac aging

et al. 2017

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Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the USA, accounting for about one in every four deaths. Age is the greatest risk factor for heart disease in both people and dogs; however, heart disease is generally not considered as a major cause of morbidity or mortality in dogs. As part of the preliminary selection process for a veterinary clinical trial, 40 companion dogs with no history of cardiac pathology that were at least 6 years old and weighed at least 18 kg underwent a cardiac screening using Doppler echocardiography. Eleven dogs from this cohort were diagnosed with valvular regurgitation by echocardiography, and seven of these cases were of sufficient severity to warrant exclusion from the clinical trial. In only one case was a heart murmur detected by auscultation. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly higher in the dogs with moderate to severe valvular regurgitation compared to the rest of the cohort. These observations suggest that asymptomatic degenerative valvular disease detectable by echocardiography, but not by a standard veterinary exam including auscultation, may be present in a significant fraction of middle-aged companion dogs, indicating a previously underappreciated similarity between human and canine aging. Further, these data suggest that companion dogs may be a particularly useful animal model for understanding mechanisms of age-related degenerative valve disease and for developing and testing interventions to ameliorate cardiac disease. Future studies should address whether dogs with asymptomatic valve disease are at higher risk for subsequent morbidity or early death.

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Aging Changes in the Vascular System of Animals

Cited by 23 publications

References 18 publications

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs Attending Primary‐care Veterinary Practices in England

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs Attending Primary‐care Veterinary Practices in England

A randomized controlled trial to establish effects of short-term rapamycin treatment in 24 middle-aged companion dogs

Asymptomatic heart valve dysfunction in healthy middle-aged companion dogs and its implications for cardiac aging

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