Agricultural Chemical Percutaneous Absorption and Decontamination

Chan, Heidi P.; Zhai, Hongbo; Wester, Ronald C.; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374367-1.00027-6

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Rat skin is anatomically significantly different (thinner stratum corneum, more hair follicles, etc.) to human skin and typically much more permeable to chemicals, so it represents a worst-case model for human skin (Bronaugh et al, 1982;Chan et al, 2010;van Ravenzwaay and Leibold, 2004). When all three studies are performed the differences between human and rat skin can be mitigated by correcting the penetration observed in rats in vivo by a factor experimentally determined from human and rat skin in vitro in a so-called 'triple pack' approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Assessment of an extended dataset of in vitro human dermal absorption studies on pesticides to determine default values, opportunities for read-across and influence of dilution on absorption

Aggarwal¹,

Fisher

Hüser³

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Dermal absorption is a key parameter in non-dietary human safety assessments for agrochemicals. Conservative default values and other criteria in the EFSA guidance have substantially increased generation of product-specific in vitro data and in some cases, in vivo data. Therefore, data from 190 GLP- and OECD guideline-compliant human in vitro dermal absorption studies were published, suggesting EFSA defaults and criteria should be revised (Aggarwal et al., 2014). This follow-up article presents data from an additional 171 studies and also the combined dataset. Collectively, the data provide consistent and compelling evidence for revision of EFSA's guidance. This assessment covers 152 agrochemicals, 19 formulation types and representative ranges of spray concentrations. The analysis used EFSA's worst-case dermal absorption definition (i.e., an entire skin residue, except for surface layers of stratum corneum, is absorbed). It confirmed previously proposed default values of 6% for liquid and 2% for solid concentrates, irrespective of active substance loading, and 30% for all spray dilutions, irrespective of formulation type. For concentrates, absorption from solvent-based formulations provided reliable read-across for other formulation types, as did water-based products for solid concentrates. The combined dataset confirmed that absorption does not increase linearly beyond a 5-fold increase in dilution. Finally, despite using EFSA's worst-case definition for absorption, a rationale for routinely excluding the entire stratum corneum residue, and ideally the entire epidermal residue in in vitro studies, is presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Assessment of an extended dataset of in vitro human dermal absorption studies on pesticides to determine default values, opportunities for read-across and influence of dilution on absorption

Aggarwal¹,

Fisher

Hüser³

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…Certain body regions are more likely to be contaminated with pesticides than others (Guy & Maibach, 1985). Certain pesticide application methods also yield increased deposition of pesticide contamination compared with an alternate method (Chan, Honbo, Wester, & Maibach, 2010). More data are needed to determine which common textiles afford the best protection, as occupational workers will most likely choose comfort and convenience over the increased efficacy of the personal protective equipment available today.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percutaneous absorption of chemicals from fabric (textile)

Bormann

Acipayam

Maibach

2020

J of Applied Toxicology

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Percutaneous penetration of chemicals from clothing can result in both acute and chronic toxicities. Although personal protective equipment composed of nonwoven material can provide thorough protection, it is often uncomfortable under normal occupational conditions. Certain everyday textiles are often utilized as protective clothing due to their cost, comfort, and convenience. Although common textiles may cover most skin, certain regions remain exposed by such outfits. The body areas covered by the fabric are at risk for fabric permeation and percutaneous penetration of chemical, either immediately or over time, dependent on the fabric composition and the characteristics of the chemical used. in vitro and in vivo publications studied percutaneous penetration of chemicals from contaminated fabric and show that everyday textiles are superior to bare skin. The increased protection offered can be attributed to properties of the fabric such as weave, thickness, fabric finish, absorbency, and the overall barrier provided. Although common textiles do offer some protection, they remain inferior to nonwoven personal protective equipment. Much remains unknown regarding percutaneous penetration and protection offered by everyday textiles.

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“…Cherrie et al 2004 argued that the Kp value may be changed further when sweat is present as the permeation rate through the protective layer is limited by the skin permeation rate at saturated water concentration (the maximum concentration that the sweat may achieve). In fact, , the compounds should first dissolve in sweat to permeate skin since sweat reduces the concentration gradient between the stratum corneum and the subcutaneous tissues (Boeniger and Klingner 2002;Chan et al 2010). However, water solubility is not the only factor according to Williams et al (2005), who suggested that sweat influences the permeation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, percutaneous data extrapolated from animal to human can be misleading (Chan et al 2010;Ngo et al 2010;OECD 2004a). Another convenient alternative to in vivo assays commonly used to assess skin permeation of chemicals are in vitro assays using animal or human skin (Fasano and McDougal 2008;Liebsch et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%