2012
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33377-4_4
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Agricultural Pesticide Use in Mountainous Areas of Thailand and Vietnam: Towards Reducing Exposure and Rationalizing Use

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Cited by 10 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…In Vietnam, the use of pesticides accelerated in mid-1980s during economic liberalization. The use of pesticides in agriculture increased from 20 to 30 million kg, and it further increased to 77 million kg in 2007 [45].…”
Section: Pesticide Usage In Asiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In Vietnam, the use of pesticides accelerated in mid-1980s during economic liberalization. The use of pesticides in agriculture increased from 20 to 30 million kg, and it further increased to 77 million kg in 2007 [45].…”
Section: Pesticide Usage In Asiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Based on the hypothesis that farmers would maximize their profits, it is generally accepted that an increase in the effectiveness of pesticide use at the farm level can be achieved by improved knowledge of farmers, providing improved chemical inputs, new plant varieties or promoting non-chemical protection strategies (Feder, 1979; Meissle et al , 2010). However, farmers may not voluntarily change how they use pesticides unless alternative instruments are readily available for adequate pest management (Lamers et al , 2013). A price premium and subsidies are often seen as the appropriate incentives for improving pest control practices.…”
Section: Literature Reviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…By joining contract farming, cooperatives, or certification schemes, farmers usually receive a price premium in exchange for complying with constraints related to pesticide use requirements (Bijman, 2008; Thiers, 2005; Häring et al , 2001). Quality control and standards are often found in provisions, along with cultivation practices and price determination mechanisms (Bijman, 2008; Lamers et al , 2013).…”
Section: Literature Reviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…AF is the total uncertainty factor which is from the product of the assumption that the least sensitive humans are 10 times more sensitive than the most sensitive animal species and the additional uncertainty factor of 10 is used to address differences in sensitivity among humans (this is from the assumption that the most sensitive human is 10 times more sensitive than the least sensitive human). This results in a total uncertainty factor of 100 as AF [23]. The results of RQ estimations from PEC (MEC) and (PNEC) [24] the various pesticides residues are calculated.…”
Section: Ecological Risk Assessment Of Fish and Sediment Samplesmentioning
confidence: 99%