Agricultural pesticides and veterinary substances in Uruguayan beeswax

Harriet, Jorge; Campá, Juan; Grajales, Mauricio; Lhéritier, Christophe; Pajuelo, Antonio Gómez; Mendoza-Spina, Yamandú; Carrasco-Letelier, Leónidas

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.131

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The synergistic effects of neonicotinoids and fungicides was shown to be lethal for A. mellifera 30 , 31 , Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis 31 . Frequently, neonicotinoids and fungicides are detected in apicultural products 32 – 34 , and these compounds could contribute to the decline of bees. Agricultural azoles, such as propiconazole and tebuconazole, act disrupting ergosterol production by blocking the CYP51 sterol 14-alpha-demethylase 35 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stingless Bee Larvae Require Fungal Steroid to Pupate

Paludo

Menezes

Silva-Junior

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

109

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The larval stage of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona depilis must consume a specific brood cell fungus in order to continue development. Here we show that this fungus is a member of the genus Zygosaccharomyces and provides essential steroid precursors to the developing bee. Insect pupation requires ecdysteroid hormones, and as insects cannot synthesize sterols de novo, they must obtain steroids in their diet. Larval in vitro culturing assays demonstrated that consuming ergosterol recapitulates the developmental effects on S. depilis as ingestion of Zygosaccharomyces sp. cells. Thus, we determined the molecular underpinning of this intimate mutualistic symbiosis. Phylogenetic analyses showed that similar cases of bee-Zygosaccharomyces symbiosis may exist. This unprecedented case of bee-fungus symbiosis driven by steroid requirement brings new perspectives regarding pollinator-microbiota interaction and preservation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stingless Bee Larvae Require Fungal Steroid to Pupate

Paludo

Menezes

Silva-Junior

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

109

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“…Their frequent use over the past few years resulted in substantial residue levels in beeswax. These Varroa-treatments are well known and have previously been reported worldwide as prevalent contaminants in honey bee colonies (Bommuraj et al, 2019;Chauzat and Faucon, 2007;Harriet et al, 2017;Herrera López et al, 2016;Johnson et al, 2010;Mullin et al, 2010;Perugini et al, 2018;Van Engelsdorp et al, 2010). The high chemical stability and the low migration rate of these highly lipophilic acaricides drive them to accumulate in wax to concentrations up to the mg kgˉ1 (Lozano et al, 2019).…”

Section: Validation Of Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2014) analysed 54 wax samples for 99 different residues, detecting 15 different active ingredients overall. Worldwide, numerous studies (Boi et al, 2016;Calatayud-Vernich et al, 2017;Chauzat and Faucon, 2007;Fulton et al, 2019;Harriet et al, 2017;Lozano et al, 2019;Serra-Bonvehí and Orantes-Bermejo, 2010;Shimshoni et al, 2019;Zawislak et al, 2019) acknowledge that beeswax is a major contamination sink for pesticide residues, thereby constituting hazardous health implications for bees and potentially for humans.…”

Section: Validation Of Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide and veterinary drug residues in Belgian beeswax: Occurrence, toxicity, and risk to honey bees

Agrebi

Traynor

Wilmart

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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Pesticide and veterinary drug residues are one of the stress factors affecting bee health and mortality. To investigate the occurrence, the concentration and the toxicity risk to bees of pesticide residues in four different types of beeswax (brood comb wax, recycled comb wax, honey comb wax, and cappings wax), 182 samples were collected from apiaries located all over the Belgian territories, during spring 2016 and analysed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS for the presence of 294 chemical residues. The toxicity risk to bees expressed as the Hazard Quotient (HQ) was calculated for each wax sample, according to two scenarios with different tau-fluvalinate LD 50 values. Residues showing the highest prevalence were correlated to bee mortality in a multivariate logistic regression model and a risk-based model was used to predict colony bee mortality. Altogether, 54 different pesticide and veterinary drug residues were found in the four types of beeswax. The residues with a higher likelihood to be retained in beeswax are applied in-hive or with a high lipophilic nature. The multivariate logistic regression model showed a statistically significant influence of chlorfenvinphos on bee mortality. All our results indicated that cappings wax was substantially less contaminated. This national survey on beeswax contamination provides guidelines on the re-use of beeswax by beekeepers and shows the necessity to introduce maximum residue levels

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“…Waxes with impurities are called counterfeit [7][8][9][10]. It poses a serious threat to the beekeeping industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of beeswax and its falsification by the method of infrared spectroscopy

Vyshniak¹,

Dimitriev²,

Litvynchuk³

et al. 2018

Ukr. food j.

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Introduction. The purpose of the research was to determine the characteristics of the infrared spectra of reflection and absorption of beeswax, as well as wax with the content of impurities in it, in particular paraffin and ceresin. Materials and methods. Natural beeswax, paraffin, ceresin, as well as their mixtures were investigated by infrared spectroscopy of reflection and absorption using Infrapid-61, Luminar 5030 and SPECORD M-80 spectrometers. Results and discussion. Infrared reflection spectra from smooth surfaces of samples (paraffin, ceresin, wax, a mixture of beeswax and ceresin, a mixture of wax paraffin and ceresin, a mixture of wax and paraffin) have a similar structure. There are two clearly expressed maxima at wavelengths of 1510 and 1581 nm. The ratio R w (1581)/R w (1510) varies from 1.115 to 1.265. The smallest value corresponds to natural beeswax, and the maximum value is ceresin. After shredding the sample, the infrared spectral diffuse reflections did not undergo significant changes, the most intense spectral maxima did not change its position, but the redistribution of spectral lines by intensity was happened out. There were pronounced differences in the region from 1723 to 2400 nm. The coefficient  for the reflection spectra from the smooth surface was ~ 1.2, and for the reflection spectra from the crushed samples ~ 1.1. The reflection spectra in the region from 1100 to 1350 nm have a clear maximum at a wavelength of 1212.5 nm. IR reflection spectra allowed us to clarify the difference between the natural beeswax and ceresin through the ratio of reflection features at 1510 and 1581 nm: the maximal ratio corresponded to the former, while the smallest one to the latter. The different proportion of bands corresponding to CH 2 and CH 3 stretching vibrations suggested that hydrocarbon chains of wax molecules are longer than those of paraffin and ceresin studied. It was found that hydrocarbon contaminants in the bee wax are associated with narrowing of the C=O band at ~1736 cm-1. Conclusions. The detected spectral laws will enable the identification of natural beeswax and detect its counterfeit.

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Agricultural pesticides and veterinary substances in Uruguayan beeswax

Cited by 31 publications

References 28 publications

Stingless Bee Larvae Require Fungal Steroid to Pupate

Stingless Bee Larvae Require Fungal Steroid to Pupate

Pesticide and veterinary drug residues in Belgian beeswax: Occurrence, toxicity, and risk to honey bees

Identification of beeswax and its falsification by the method of infrared spectroscopy

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