AIDS and the lung: update 1995. 1. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Miller, R F; Mitchell, D.

doi:10.1136/thx.50.2.191

Cited by 34 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…In retrospective analyses of pathologic specimens from HIV-1-infected individuals at autopsy, 75e85% of cases demonstrate pathologic involvement in the lung [2]. Among the most common pulmonary pathologies are those that involve infection by opportunistic pathogens including Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), and cytomegalovirus [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased expression of interferon-inducible genes in macaque lung tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection

Schaefer

Fuller

Basu

et al. 2006

Microbes and Infection

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Pulmonary infections and dysfunction are frequent outcomes during the development of immunodeficiency associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and obtaining a better understanding of the immunologic changes that occur in lungs following HIV-1 infection will provide a foundation for the development of further intervention strategies. We sought here to identify changes in the pulmonary immune environment that arise during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques, which serves as an excellent model system for HIV-1 infection and disease. To examine the gene expression profiles of macaque lung tissues following infection with the pathogenic SIV/DeltaB670 isolate, we performed cDNA microarray hybridizations with lung total RNAs using two commercially available cDNA arrays and a custom-fabricated, immunologically focused macaque cDNA microarray. In situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR were performed to provide additional analyses of gene expression. Among the genes exhibiting the highest level of induction in lung tissues were the IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines, CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL9/Mig. In situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR strongly supported these findings. Correlation analyses revealed that the levels of expression of IFN-gamma, CXCL9/Mig, and CXCL10/IP-10 mRNAs were all strongly positively correlated, and that CXCL10/IP-10 mRNA and Pneumocystis carinii rRNA were positively correlated. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that inflammatory chemokines are among the most differentially expressed mRNAs in macaque lung tissues during systemic SIV infection of rhesus macaques, and provide insight into the complicated events occurring in the lung tissues during HIV-1 infection in humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased expression of interferon-inducible genes in macaque lung tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection

Schaefer

Fuller

Basu

et al. 2006

Microbes and Infection

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“…Reports of P. carinii pneumonia in the pre-AIDS era were sporadic, with fewer than 100 cases reported yearly in the United States,1 but with the AIDS epidemic, the number of cases of P. carinii pneumonia in the United States has been estimated at 50 000 annually, and P. carinii pneumonia has been the leading cause of death in AIDS patients in this country.2 Even with widespread prophylaxis for P. carinii pneumonia, the disease is still common in AIDS patients. 3 Because of the seriousness and prevalence of disease caused by P. carinii, this review will focus on that organism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Drug Developments for Opportunistic Infections in Immunosuppressed Patients: Pneumocystis carinii

Queener¹

1995

J. Med. Chem.

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“…Yet, it is well established that the number of alveolar macrophages (an integral component of these exudates) is higher in smokers than nonsmokers [30], and that smoking increases their autofluorescence [8] and surfactant protein A both in plasma and sputum [31]. The latter is potentially relevant in the context of this study since Salaün et al [16] and Koziel et al [32] reported that P. jirovecii infection was also associated with increased levels of surfactant protein A in the alveoli, which is part of the proteinaceous material of intra-alveolar exudates [11]. Thus, the combination of these factors can contribute to explain a better diagnostic performance of pCLE in smokers (sensitivity 92%, specificity 88%, PPV 85% and NPV 94%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) [10,11], and that they are highly sensitive and specific for PJP [12], we hypothesized that pCLE might have the potential to detect these exudates and, therefore, diagnose PJP in vivo, on site . We explored this hypothesis by determining the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of pCLE in the diagnosis of PJP in HIV+ patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Usefulness of Bronchoscopic Probe-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in the Diagnosis of <b><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i></b> Pneumonia

Shafiek

Fiorentino²,

Cosío³

et al. 2016

Respiration

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Background: Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a novel technique that provides in vivo microscopic imaging of the distal lung. We hypothesized that the intra-alveolar exudates characterizing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) can be identified by pCLE in vivo and help in its diagnosis. Objectives: We aimed toassess the usefulness of pCLE for the in vivo diagnosis of PJP. Methods: Thirty-two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with new pulmonary infiltrates and fever were studied using pCLE. Real-time alveolar images were recorded during the bronchoscopy for off-line analysis by two independent observers. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were also obtained and processed for microbiology and cytological evaluation, including Grocott stain for P. jirovecii. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of pCLE for the diagnosis of PJP in these patients were calculated. Results: Fourteen patients (44%) were confirmed to have PJP by cultures/staining. pCLE was well tolerated in all patients. It identified intra-alveolar exudates in 13 of them (41%), where 11 of them (85%) had positive Grocott stain for P. jirovecci, with 93% concordance between observers. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of pCLE for the diagnosis of PJP were 79, 89, 85 and 84%, respectively. In smokers, these figures improved to be 92, 88, 85 and 94%. Conclusions: pCLE is a quick and safe procedure for on-site diagnosis of PJP in HIV+ patients with excellent specificity and sensitivity mainly in smokers.

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AIDS and the lung: update 1995. 1. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Cited by 34 publications

References 68 publications

Increased expression of interferon-inducible genes in macaque lung tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection

Increased expression of interferon-inducible genes in macaque lung tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection

New Drug Developments for Opportunistic Infections in Immunosuppressed Patients: Pneumocystis carinii

Usefulness of Bronchoscopic Probe-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in the Diagnosis of <b><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i></b> Pneumonia

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