Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization: An ecological study in Iran

Karimi, Behrooz; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Samadi, Sadegh

doi:10.1016/j.apr.2022.101463

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In this study, long-term exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 were found to increase the odds of Covid-19 pneumonia in a sample of patients with MS, confirming results from a previous study carried out on MS patients ( Bergamaschi et al, 2022 ). Additionally, also PM10 and NO2 were found to be associated with increased odds of developing a severe Covid-19 course supporting the findings of other studies carried out on the general population ( Zang et al, 2022 , Karimi et al, 2022 ). Based on our results, we could thus infer that higher exposure to PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 can contribute to a worst Covid-19 course also among MS patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

The impact of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 on Covid-19 severity in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis: A case-control study

Ponzano

Schiavetti

Bergamaschi³

et al. 2022

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

The impact of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 on Covid-19 severity in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis: A case-control study

Ponzano

Schiavetti

Bergamaschi³

et al. 2022

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

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“…Several studies have examined the association between COVID-19 outcomes and air pollution, including ecological regressions in different countries [5,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60], cohort studies including individual-level data for specific populations around the world [17,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71], and Bayesian hierarchical models that attempt to overcome the clustered nature of the data [21,22]. In addition, literature reviews have been published on the topic [6,[72][73][74][75][76][77] as well as a meta-analysis [78].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining aggregate and individual-level data to estimate individual-level associations between air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States

Woodward

Mork

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Imposing stricter regulations for PM2.5 has the potential to mitigate damaging health and climate change effects. Recent evidence establishing a link between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 outcomes is one of many arguments for the need to reduce the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM2.5. However, many studies reporting a relationship between COVID-19 outcomes and PM2.5 have been criticized because they are based on ecological regression analyses, where area-level counts of COVID-19 outcomes are regressed on area-level exposure to air pollution and other covariates. It is well known that regression models solely based on area-level data are subject to ecological bias, i.e., they may provide a biased estimate of the association at the individual-level, due to within-area variability of the data. In this paper, we augment county-level COVID-19 mortality data with a nationally representative sample of individual-level covariate information from the American Community Survey along with high-resolution estimates of PM2.5 concentrations obtained from a validated model and aggregated to the census tract for the contiguous United States. We apply a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to combine county-, census tract-, and individual-level data to ultimately draw inference about individual-level associations between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality for COVID-19. By analyzing data prior to the Emergency Use Authorization for the COVID-19 vaccines we found that an increase of 1 μg/m3 in long-term PM2.5 exposure, averaged over the 17-year period 2000-2016, is associated with a 3.3% (95% credible interval, 2.8 to 3.8%) increase in an individual’s odds of COVID-19 mortality. Code to reproduce our study is publicly available at https://github.com/NSAPH/PM_COVID_ecoinference. The results confirm previous evidence of an association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and COVID-19 mortality and strengthen the case for tighter regulations on harmful air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

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Exposure to outdoor particulate matter and risk of respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nakhjirgan,

Kashani,

Kermani

2023

Environ Geochem Health

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Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization: An ecological study in Iran

Cited by 13 publications

References 61 publications

The impact of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 on Covid-19 severity in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis: A case-control study

The impact of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 on Covid-19 severity in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis: A case-control study

Combining aggregate and individual-level data to estimate individual-level associations between air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States

Exposure to outdoor particulate matter and risk of respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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