Air Pollution and Exacerbation of Asthma in African-American Children in Los Angeles

Ostro, Bart; Lipsett, Michael; Mann, Jason R.; Braxton-Owens, Hazel; White, Mary C.

doi:10.1097/00001648-200103000-00012

Cited by 229 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…O 3 and temperature have a synergistic effect on several outcomes: asthma attacks, morning PEF and eye irritation. Together with climate and pollutants, ambient aeroallergens also influence asthma [20,28]. In the present study, only pollen count was available, and O 3 and pollen count had a synergistic effect on the risk of asthma attacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…In the first [19], in which 83 African-American asthmatic children were studied during a 4-month summer period, particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 mm (PM10) and O 3 were associated with shortness of breath, but not coughing and wheezing. In the second study [20], which included 138 children, the occurrence of shortness of breath, cough and wheeze was associated with PM10, particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mm (PM2.5), NO 2 and moulds, but not with O 3 and pollen, and the use of extra asthma medication was associated to PM10 and O 3 . During summer asthma camps in Connecticut, USA, O 3 and fine particles (sulphate and hydrogen ions) were found to be significantly correlated with asthma exacerbation, chest symptoms, medication use and decreases in lung function [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Short-term health effects of particulate and photochemical air pollution in asthmatic children

Just¹,

Ségala²,

Sahraoui³

et al. 2002

Eur Respir J

101

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In a previous panel study in Paris, France, detrimental effects of moderately high levels of winter air pollution on the symptoms and lung function of asthmatic children were demonstrated. A new study was conducted, with the aim of assessing the short-term effects of photo-oxidant and particulate air pollution on childhood asthma during spring and early summer in Paris.Eighty-two medically diagnosed asthmatic children were followed up for 3 months. Outcomes included the incidence and prevalence of asthma attacks, nocturnal cough, supplementary use of b 2 -agonists, symptoms of airway irritation, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) value and its variability. The statistical methods controlled for the lack of independence between daily health outcomes, temporal trends and pollen and weather conditions.Black smoke and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) were associated with increases in the occurrence of nocturnal cough and respiratory infections. Ozone (O 3 ) was associated with an increase in the occurrence of asthma attacks and respiratory infections and with changes in lung function, as shown by an increase in PEF variability and a decrease in PEF. Statistically significant interactions were demonstrated between O 3 and temperature and between O 3 and pollen count for asthma attacks. O 3 levels had a greater effect on additional bronchodilator use and on irritations of the eyes, nose and throat on days on which no steroids were used. Particulate matter was associated with eye irritation only.This study showed that, although within international air quality standards, the prevailing levels of photo-oxidant and particulate pollution in spring and early summer had measurable short-term effects on children with mild-to-moderate asthma. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 899-906 The short-term effects of air pollution in humans are predominantly assessed by means of time series studies. These recently reviewed [1] studies have shown broadly consistent associations between air pollutants and a number of related outcomes, such as total mortality, cardiorespiratory mortality and hospital admissions. To ensure that relationships observed are causal, it is necessary to check that studies with different designs show similar associations [2] and that there is coherence between a broad range of related health outcomes [3]. As recently reviewed [4,5], panel studies provide these advantages. The health effects are measured on an individual basis, whereas the exposure data are mostly based on aggregated data. These studies are often conducted on the most susceptible subgroups of the population, such as children and asthmatics. Previously, a panel study was conducted in Paris, France [6], in which the detrimental effect of moderately high levels of winter air pollution on the symptoms and lung function of asthmatic children was demonstrated. As attention is increasingly focused on photo-oxidant air pollution episodes, a new study was conducted with the aim of assessing the short-term effects of photo-oxidant and particulate pollution on the heal...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term health effects of particulate and photochemical air pollution in asthmatic children

Just¹,

Ségala²,

Sahraoui³

et al. 2002

Eur Respir J

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A number of panel studies have demonstrated a relationship between levels of airborne particulate matter less than 10 or 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 10 or PM 2.5 ) and acute asthma severity indices including hospital admissions (1)(2)(3), declines in pulmonary function, and increases in medication use and symptoms (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Almost all such studies estimate ambient health effects without taking into account concurrent exposures that may impact asthma, such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Response of Children with Asthma to Ambient Particulate Is Modified by Tobacco Smoke Exposure

Rabinovitch¹,

Silveira

Gelfand³

et al. 2011

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

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Rationale: Ambient particulate matter concentrations have been positively associated with urinary leukotriene E 4 (LTE 4 ) levels and albuterol usage in children with asthma but interactions with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure have not been demonstrated despite obvious exposure to both pollutants in an urban setting. Objectives: To assess the health effects of concurrent ETS and ambient particulate matter exposure in children with asthma. Methods: Albuterol usage and LTE 4 levels were monitored in 82 urban schoolchildren with asthma over three consecutive fall to spring school periods. Concentrations of morning maximum ambient particulate matter ,2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter (mmPM 2.5 ) and urine cotinine levels were also measured daily. Measurements and Main Results: Albuterol usage and LTE 4 were related to mmPM 2.5 concentrations on days when urine cotinine levels were low (,10 ng/ml/mg creatinine); on these days, mean albuterol usage and LTE 4 increased up to 5 or 6% per 10 mg/m 3 increase in mmPM 2.5 . In contrast, no significant relationship was observed when cotinine was high, although mean albuterol usage and LTE 4 levels were greater in this case. Model fits for LTE 4 levels as a function of mmPM 2.5 concentrations were improved when mmPM 2.5 concentrations were logged, suggesting a nonlinear dose-response relationship between particulate matter exposure concentrations and airway mediators of asthma, for which the relationship tends to flatten at higher concentrations. Conclusions: This study suggests that ETS modifies the acute effects of low-level ambient PM 2.5 exposure on childhood asthma. This negative interaction, the smaller effect of particulate matter exposure in children exposed to higher ETS, may be related to a nonlinear dose-response relationship between asthma mediators and particulate exposures.Keywords: air pollution; leukotriene E 4 ; asthma; interaction; environmental tobacco smoke A number of panel studies have demonstrated a relationship between levels of airborne particulate matter less than 10 or 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 10 or PM 2.5 ) and acute asthma severity indices including hospital admissions (1-3), declines in pulmonary function, and increases in medication use and symptoms (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Almost all such studies estimate ambient health effects without taking into account concurrent exposures that may impact asthma, such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). However, in the setting of urban asthma, where high ambient exposures are assumed, concurrent exposures to ETS are also prevalent (13-20). There are limited data on the response to ambient or indoor exposures in the typical urban environment where these concurrent exposures often occur. As such, it is unclear whether acute exposures to both ETS and ambient air pollution produce additive or synergistic effects or whether adaptive responses occur, limiting cumulative health effects from concurrent exposures.In previous analyses involving a panel of Denver urban schoolchildren with as...

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“…*Published emission factors but not reported in text. **Emission factors reported explicitly in text ᴬ Age groups according to health outcomes; ᴯ Such as ≥18 years or ≥30 years; C Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program using the concentration response function from chronic bronchitis [63], acute bronchitis [64], all-cause mortality [65,104], COPD hospitalization (Moolgavgkar 2000a, 2003) [66], asthma emergency room visits [67], work loss days [68], asthma (symptoms) [69], minor-restricted activity days [70], acute MI [71], respiratory disease [72], lower respiratory symptoms [73], and cough among asthmatic children [74]; D Probable, but not specified explicitly in the text; ᴱ Health And Air Pollution Study in New Zealand to estimate the morbidity and mortality health costs associated with traffic emissions [82]; F CVD admission >64 years: [75]; ᴳ Mortality: <75 and >75 years, respiratory disease (65 years) [76], and lung cancer [104] Morbidity: CVD, respiratory disease [76], and lung cancer [104]; H Method of transport emission estimation is quite vague in determination of emission factors; I External cost of energy to estimate the automotive pollution impact on health in Europe [81]; J Cerebrovascular disease and lower respiratory tract infection [77], preterm weight [78], low term weight [79], and CVD (Mustafic 2012) [80]; K Value of a Life Year: calculation of monetary benefits of mortality reduction using a life tables approach. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

Raza

Forsberg

Johansson

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Background: Promotion of active commuting provides substantial health and environmental benefits by influencing air pollution, physical activity, accidents, and noise. However, studies evaluating intervention and policies on a mode shift from motorized transport to cycling have estimated health impacts with varying validity and precision. Objective: To review and discuss the estimation of air pollution exposure and its impacts in health impact assessment studies of a shift in transport from cars to bicycles in order to guide future assessments. Methods: A systematic database search of PubMed was done primarily for articles published from January 2000 to May 2016 according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: We identified 18 studies of health impact assessment of change in transport mode. Most studies investigated future hypothetical scenarios of increased cycling. The impact on the general population was estimated using a comparative risk assessment approach in the majority of these studies, whereas some used previously published cost estimates. Air pollution exposure during cycling was estimated based on the ventilation rate, the pollutant concentration, and the trip duration. Most studies employed exposure-response functions from studies comparing background levels of fine particles between cities to estimate the health impacts of local traffic emissions. The effect of air pollution associated with increased cycling contributed small health benefits for the general population, and also only slightly increased risks associated with fine particle exposure among those who shifted to cycling. However, studies calculating health impacts based on exposure-response functions for ozone, black carbon or nitrogen oxides found larger effects attributed to changes in air pollution exposure. Conclusion: A large discrepancy between studies was observed due to different health impact assessment approaches, different assumptions for calculation of inhaled dose and different selection of dose-response functions. This kind of assessments would improve from more holistic approaches using more specific exposure-response functions.

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Air Pollution and Exacerbation of Asthma in African-American Children in Los Angeles

Cited by 229 publications

References 26 publications

Short-term health effects of particulate and photochemical air pollution in asthmatic children

Short-term health effects of particulate and photochemical air pollution in asthmatic children

The Response of Children with Asthma to Ambient Particulate Is Modified by Tobacco Smoke Exposure

Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

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