Air pollution and healthcare expenditure: Implication for the benefit of air pollution control in China

Yang, Jing; Zhang, Bing

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.011

Cited by 171 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…As mentioned, the highest AQI index, based on PM 10 suspended particles was observed in May -June, which is categorized in an unhealthy group for all individuals (31). In January -February, it was unhealthy for susceptible and general individuals, based on the AQI index (32) during 2016 and 2017, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heavy metals are one group of compounds present in the air with a high risk for human health (8,9). The presence of heavy metals in greater concentration than the standard levels causes environmental problems and damages the inhabitant's health of that site and the ecosystem (10,11). Heavy metals have different effects on human health such as neurological disorders, different types of cancers, and skeletal problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional, Structural and Non-Structural Preparedness of Ahvaz Health Centers Against Disasters in 2014 – 2015

Hatami

Neisi

Kooti

2016

Jundishapur J Health Sci

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Background: Entrance of heavy metals into the respiratory system has adverse effects on human health. Accordingly, measuring metals concentration in places and times is necessary. Objectives: This study was done to evaluate the non-carcinogenic risk of Pb, Cd, and As in air suspended particles of Baharestan city, in Isfahan, during 2016 -2017. Methods: In order to evaluate the non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in air suspended particles (PM10), sampling was performed using a SKC pump with a low volume (1.5 L/min) and 37 mm membrane filter. Sampling was carried out on average every three days during 24-hours finally, the concentration of Pb, Cd, and As was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS), respectively. The acute and chronic non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals sorption in the air was evaluated using the EPA method. Results: The highest and lowest Pb concentration belonged to May -June and October -November, with the mean concentration of 0.25 and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively. For Cd it was 0.017 and 0.009 mg/kg, respectively. Similar results were found for the air suspended particles. The highest and lowest Cd non-carcinogenic risk was observed for permanent residents of Baharestan city and the nondormitory students of this city with the mean of 3.1 × 10 -5 and 1.4 × 10 -5 , respectively. Conclusions:The results of this study showed that the non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals was lower than the standard level during the study years. However, heavy metal accumulation can threaten human health, which needs more consideration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional, Structural and Non-Structural Preparedness of Ahvaz Health Centers Against Disasters in 2014 – 2015

Hatami

Neisi

Kooti

2016

Jundishapur J Health Sci

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“…On the other hand, air pollution has not only received great emphasis from the central government, it has also caused great damage to the local environment. It threatens the local ecological environment and sustainable development in the long term, and causes irreparable damage to the physical and mental health of local residents, which also motivates the local governments to emphasize and control air pollution to a certain extent [54][55][56]. The local governments' behavioral strategy space is (Put Emphasis on Pollution Control, Neglect Pollution Control).…”

Section: Game Agent Analysis and Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Whistleblowing Work for Air Pollution Control in China? A Study Based on Three-party Evolutionary Game Model under Incomplete Information

Yang

2019

Sustainability

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During China's air pollution campaign, whistleblowing has become an important way for the central government to discover local environmental issues. The three parties involved in whistleblowing are: the central government environmental protection departments, the local government officials, and the whistleblowers. Based on these players, this paper has constructed an Evolutionary Game Model under incomplete information and introduced the expected return as well as replicator dynamics equations of various game agents based on analysis of the game agents, assumptions, and payoff functions of the model in order to study the strategic dynamic trend and stability of the evolutionary game model. Furthermore, this paper has conducted simulation experiments on the evolution of game agents' behaviors by combining the constraints and replicator dynamics equations. The conclusions are: the central environmental protection departments are able to effectively improve the environmental awareness of local government officials by measures such as strengthening punishment on local governments that do not pay attention to pollution issues and lowering the cost of whistleblowing, thus nurturing a good governance and virtuous circle among the central environmental protection departments, local government officials, and whistleblowers. Based on the study above, this paper has provided policy recommendations in the conclusion.

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“…Yahaya et al [34] found on a panel of 125 developing countries that air quality significantly determined the health expenditure per capita in these countries, with a particularly strong impact on carbon dioxide. Yang and Zhang [35] found that exposure to PM 2.5 had a significant impact on household health expenditure, even after socioeconomic characteristics and country locations were included in the model. Interestingly, Ma et al [36] reported no positive correlation between air pollution (as measured by the air quality index) and the increase in public investment for environmental protection within the Chinese provinces.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of the EU Environmental Policy in Struggling with Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): How Agriculture Makes a Difference?

et al. 2019

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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions are an important global issue as air pollutants lead to approximately 7 million deaths per year (World Health Organization). In an attempt to combat this global threat, countries in the European Union (EU) allocate relatively large funds for environmental policies. The main goal of this paper is to assess the long-term efficiency of the EU countries’ environmental policy in reducing the pressure of particulates pollution on the natural environment. For this purpose, multilevel panel regression models based on seminal within–between specification are used. The models are run for a panel of 25 EU countries for the years 2004–2016. In the investigations, we tried to capture the effect of the share of utilized agricultural area (UAA) in non-urban areas of the analyzed countries, as it may potentially influence policy efficiency. It was found that environmental spending in all main categories (pollution abatement, biodiversity, R&D, and environmental protection) had a significant impact on decreasing pollution pressure; however, the policy was more efficient in countries which had a lower share of UAA in their non-urban areas. The study emphasized that the impact of “pollution abatement” expenditure may be underestimated in basic panel models.

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Air pollution and healthcare expenditure: Implication for the benefit of air pollution control in China

Cited by 171 publications

References 43 publications

Functional, Structural and Non-Structural Preparedness of Ahvaz Health Centers Against Disasters in 2014 – 2015

Functional, Structural and Non-Structural Preparedness of Ahvaz Health Centers Against Disasters in 2014 – 2015

Does Whistleblowing Work for Air Pollution Control in China? A Study Based on Three-party Evolutionary Game Model under Incomplete Information

Efficiency of the EU Environmental Policy in Struggling with Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): How Agriculture Makes a Difference?

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