Air pollution and kidney disease: review of current evidence

Abstract

Along with amazing technological advances, the industrial revolution of the mid-19th century introduced new sources of pollution. By the mid-20th century, the effects of these changes were beginning to be felt around the world. Among these changes, health problems due to environmental air pollution are increasingly recognized. At the beginning, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases were emphasized. However, accumulated data indicate that every organ system in the body may be involved, and the kidney is no exception. Although research on air pollution and kidney damage is recent, there is now scientific evidence that air pollution harms the kidney. In this holistic review, we have summarized the epidemiology, disease states and mechanisms of air pollution and kidney damage.

Estimation of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) concentration and its variation over urban sites in Bangladesh

“…The adverse effect of such terrible air quality has already been noticed over Dhaka, since the cardiac diseases are noted to be increased in the city [109]. The shortening of life expectancy caused by the hazardous air quality has been reported throughout the world [110][111][112][113][114]. In Bangladesh, more than 80 million population are young aged [82]; hence, there is very high chance that majority of the peoples in Bangladesh got affected by different diseases caused directly or indirectly by air pollution.…”

Association between ambient air pollution and in vitro fertilization pregnancy outcomes in Taiyuan: A retrospective study in a heavy polluted city in northern China

“…Author details 1 Center of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China. 2 The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.…”

“…With the rapid industrialization, urbanization and motorization, air pollution problems are becoming more and more serious, and the effect of air pollution on health has attracted more attention. Air pollutant is a complex mixture of gaseous components, solid and liquid suspended particles in the air [1], mainly includes particulate matter ≤ 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 10 ), particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ). Several studies have shown that air pollution has a variety of negative effects on human health, such as cardiovascular diseases [2,3], respiratory diseases [4,5], type 2 diabetes mellitus [6], mental disease [7,8], and so on.…”

Correlates of Chronic Kidney Disease in India

“…Obesity has been implicated as an independent predictor for CKD [12]. Emerging evidence suggests the relationship of CKD with air pollution also [13]. Among social determinants, education plays an important role, as evident from the fact that 37.6% of CKD patients had an education level less than high school [9].…”