Air Pollution and School Absenteeism among Children in Mexico City

Romieu, Isabelle; Lugo, Marlene Cortez; Velasco, Silvia Ruiz; Sanchez, Sadie H.; Meneses, Fernando; Hernández, Mauricio

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116474

Cited by 86 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Evidence on mortality and school absenteeism was first published in the 1990s (Borja-Aburto et al, 1997;Romieu et al, 1992). More recent evidence has been focused on children's health, e.g., the participation of genetic polymorphisms (Romieu et al, 2006), systemic damage (Calderon-Garciduenas et al, 2007), lung growth retardation (Barraza-Villarreal et al, 2008) and the participation of other variables such as education (O'Neill et al, 2008).…”

Section: Health Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation

et al. 2010

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Abstract. MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local And Global Research Observations) is an international collaborative project to examine the behavior and the export of atmospheric emissions from a megacity. The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) -one of the world's largest megacities and North America's most populous city -was selected as the case study to characterize the sources, concentrations, transport, and transformation processes of the gases and fine particles emitted to the MCMA atmosphere and to evaluate the regional and global impacts of these emissions. The findings of this study are relevant to the evolution and impacts of pollution from many other megacities.The measurement phase consisted of a month-long series of carefully coordinated observations of the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere in and near Mexico City duringCorrespondence to: L. T. Molina (ltmolina@mit.edu) March 2006, using a wide range of instruments at ground sites, on aircraft and satellites, and enlisting over 450 scientists from 150 institutions in 30 countries. Three ground supersites were set up to examine the evolution of the primary emitted gases and fine particles. Additional platforms in or near Mexico City included mobile vans containing scientific laboratories and mobile and stationary upward-looking lidars. Seven instrumented research aircraft provided information about the atmosphere over a large region and at various altitudes. Satellite-based instruments peered down into the atmosphere, providing even larger geographical coverage. The overall campaign was complemented by meteorological forecasting and numerical simulations, satellite observations and surface networks. Together, these research observations have provided the most comprehensive characterization of the MCMA's urban and regional atmospheric composition and chemistry that will take years to analyze and evaluate fully.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. L. T. Molina et al.: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformationIn this paper we review over 120 papers resulting from the MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign that have been published or submitted, as well as relevant papers from the earlier MCMA-2003 Campaign, with the aim of providing a road map for the scientific community interested in understanding the emissions from a megacity such as the MCMA and their impacts on air quality and climate. This paper describes the measurements performed during MILAGRO and the results obtained on MCMA's atmospheric meteorology and dynamics, emissions of gases and fine particles, sources and concentrations of volatile organic compounds, urban and regional photochemistry, ambient particulate matter, aerosol radiative properties, urban plume characterization, and health studies. A summary of key findings from the field study is presented.

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Section: Health Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation

et al. 2010

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“…Studies carried out in Mexico City were also performed with ambient monitors, and in some cases with monitors from the environmental monitors network (Romieu et al, 1992(Romieu et al, , 1996Borja-Aburto et al, 1997;Gold et al, 1999;Loomis et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in Mexico City: a pilot study

Vallejo

Lerma

Infante

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This study was aimed to describe the personal exposure of permanent residents in Mexico City's Metropolitan Area (MCMA) to particulate matter of less than 2.5 mm diameter (PM 2.5 ) during their daily activities. A total of 40 healthy volunteers (30 women and 10 men) with sedentary activities were included. All of them carried a PM 2.5 personal monitor during 13 h and registered their activities in a written diary that classified them in indoor and outdoor microenvironments in each 30 min period. All sample collections started at 0900 hours, and even though measurements were obtained during the rainy season (April-August 2002), the relative humidity was less than 70%. The data were categorized and evaluated under the following criteria: morning and afternoon exposure, indoor and outdoor activities, and geographical location. The descriptive analysis showed that the overall outdoor median concentration of PM 2.5 (89.50 mg/m 3 ) was higher than the indoor one (67.55 mg/m 3 ). PM 2.5 concentrations in the morning to early afternoon were more elevated than in the late afternoon, suggesting a circadian-like behavior. In the indoor microenvironment, the highest concentration occurred in the subway (106.2 mg/m ). All the differences were statistically significant (Po0.05). Multivariate analysis corroborated that PM 2.5 concentrations are mainly determined by geographical locations and hour of the day, but not by the type of microenvironment. The inclusion of covariables in the multivariable analysis ensures a more accurate estimation and prediction of the real PM 2.5 concentrations. In conclusion, PM 2.5 personal exposure of healthy adult permanent residents of MCMA is usually higher than recommended by the international standards in outdoor and even in indoor microenvironments. Particulate matter personal exposure varies in relation to hour of the day, daily activities and microenvironments.

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“…Estes incluem estudos sobre os efeitos na mortalidade geral 22 , na mortalidade por causas específicas como doenças cardiovasculares 23 ou doenças respiratórias 24 , na morbidade medida por aumentos de sintomas respiratórios em crianças, ou por aumento dos episódios de doença respiratória 25 , ou simplesmente aumento do absenteísmo escolar 26 . Mais recentemente, diversos estudos vêm usando o número de internações hospitalares como um indicador dos efeitos da poluição na saúde da população, utilizando este desenho epidemiológico 27,28 .…”

Section: Estudos Ecológicos Estudos Ecológicos Estudos Ecológicos Estunclassified

Questões metodológicas para a investigação dos efeitos da poluição do ar na saúde

Castro

Escamilla-Cejudo

2003

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

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Questões metodológicas para a investigação dos efeitos da poluição do ar na saúde Castro, H.A. et al. IntroduçãoA poluição do ar representa hoje um dos maiores problemas de Saúde Pública, afetando a saúde dos seres humanos, de outros animais e das plantas. O rápido avanço tecnológico do mundo moderno trouxe consigo um aumento na quantidade e na variedade de poluentes eliminados na atmosfera, prejudicando de maneira muito séria a qualidade de vida em nosso planeta.No ano de 1952 assistiu-se, em Londres, um dos primeiros grandes episódios de poluição do ar do mundo moderno, com conseqüências dramáticas para a saúde da população, entre elas um aumento enorme na mortalidade. Desde então, a sociedade tem discutido mecanismos para a redução de poluentes e vem buscando conhecimentos, em todos os campos, para enfrentar a poluição do ar. Mesmo assim, em 1990, foram lançados na atmosfera terrestre, cerca de 100 milhões de toneladas de óxidos de enxofre (SOx), 68 milhões de toneladas de óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), 57 milhões de toneladas de Material Particulado (MP) e 177 milhões de monóxido de carbono (CO) 1 . Posterior à constatação do aumento da mortalidade em Londres, após o impacto da poluição, diversos e diferentes estudos foram desenvolvidos demonstrando a relação entre morbi-mortalidade cardio-respirató-ria e os poluentes do ar em diferentes concentrações. Tais estudos têm contribuído para definir padrões de aceitabilidade nos níveis de concentração dos contaminantes mais comuns.Ainda assim, estudos epidemiológicos mais abrangentes vão se desenvolvendo em diferentes capitais e cidades do mundo, no sentido de se estabelecer padrões de qualidade do ar. Alguns destes estudos mostram aumento de morbidade em ambientes com concentrações mínimas de poluentes, causando principalmente agravos em idosos e crianças.Entre os objetivos deste artigo estão a discussão e a apresentação dos principais indicadores de poluição do ar, tendo como matriz o modelo de indicadores da Organi- AbstractUrbanization and the growth of cities have contributed to increase the load of contaminants in the environment. Among contaminants, air pollutants remain a major cause of concern due to their capacity to affect large populations and the fact that several adverse health effects associated with exposure to air pollution have been described in the past few years. This article reviews and discusses some methodological issues involved in the assessment of these health effects.The first issue relates to environmental health indicators (EHI). These indicators can be seen as measures that summarize aspects of the relationship between health and the environment. The EHI methodology proposed by the World Health Organisation for the development of environmental health actions has been applied in the area of air quality. A second aspect relates to the assessment of exposure to air pollution. This is perhaps the most difficult task for studies in this area. Issues concerning different microenvironments (indoor and outdoor) are relevant and should be taken i...

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Air Pollution and School Absenteeism among Children in Mexico City

Cited by 86 publications

References 0 publications

An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation

An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation

Personal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in Mexico City: a pilot study

Questões metodológicas para a investigação dos efeitos da poluição do ar na saúde

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