Air Pollution in Diesel Bus Garages

Commins, B. T.; Waller, R. E.; Lawther, P. J.

doi:10.1136/oem.14.4.232

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A study modeling exposure in trucking terminals showed that ventilation, terminal size, the number of workers, and general background levels were significant determinants of EC levels in work area air concentrations, and work location (shop higher than dock) was a significant determinant of both area and personal EC levels (levels not provided in the original article) (Davis, et al, 2006). Two studies, performed in the same bus garages in 1956 and 1979 in the U.K., using the same procedures, showed little difference between area levels of smoke from diesel buses entering and leaving the garage (Commins, et al, 1957; Waller, et al, 1985). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: A literature review

Pronk

Coble

Stewart

2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

193

151

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Diesel exhaust (DE) is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Aims were to describe the major occupational uses of diesel engines and give an overview of personal DE exposure levels and determinants of exposure as reported in the published literature. Measurements representative of personal DE exposure were abstracted from the literature for the following agents: elemental carbon (EC), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Information on determinants of exposure was abstracted. In total, 3528 EC, 4166 PM, 581 CO, 322 NO, and 1404 NO 2 measurements were abstracted. From the 10,001 measurements, 32% represented exposure from on-road vehicles and 68% from offroad vehicles (30% mining, 15% railroad, and 22% others). Highest levels were reported for enclosed underground work sites in which heavy equipment is used: mining, mine maintenance, and construction (EC: 27-658 mg/m 3 ). Intermediate exposure levels were generally reported for above-ground (semi-) enclosed areas in which smaller equipment was run: mechanics in a shop, emergency workers in fire stations, distribution workers at a dock, and workers loading/unloading inside a ferry (generally: ECo50 mg/m 3 ). Lowest levels were reported for enclosed areas separated from the source, such as drivers and train crew, or outside, such as surface mining, parking attendants, vehicle testers, utility service workers, surface construction and airline ground personnel (ECo25 mg/m 3 ). The other agents showed a similar pattern. Determinants of exposure reported for enclosed situations were ventilation and exhaust after treatment devices. Reported DE exposure levels were highest for underground mining and construction, intermediate for working in above-ground (semi-) enclosed areas and lowest for working outside or separated from the source. The presented data can be used as a basis for assessing occupational exposure in population-based epidemiological studies and guide future exposure assessment efforts for industrial hygiene and epidemiological studies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: A literature review

Pronk

Coble

Stewart

2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

193

151

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“…7 Marshall and Behrentz (2005); Xu et al (2016). 8 Commins et al (1957); Muzyka et al (1998); Waller et al (1985). 9 Stevens et al (2010).…”

Section: Emissions and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

School bus emissions, student health and academic performance

Austin

Heutel

Kreisman

2019

Economics of Education Review

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“…Sampling and Analytical Methods The methods used were similar to those employed in the earlier experiments in bus garages (Commins et a/., 1957). Samples of smoke were collected on weighed glass fibre filter sheets measuring 8 in.…”

Section: Traffic Countsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each filter, after weighing, was extracted with cyclohexane for three hours in a Soxhlet apparatus and the yellow extract was reduced to small volume and transferred to a column of alumina. The hydrocarbons were separated chromatographically by elution with cyclohexane and determined spectrophotometrically (Commins, 1958).…”

Section: Traffic Countsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air Pollution in Road Tunnels

Waller

Commins

Lawther

1961

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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As a part of a study of pollution of the air by motor vehicles, measurements have been made in two London road tunnels during periods of high traffic density. The concentrations of smoke and polycyclic hydrocarbons found there are much higher than the average values in Central London, but they are of the same order of magnitude as those occurring during temperature inversions on winter evenings when smoke from coal fires accumulates at a low level.An attempt has been made to relate the concentration of each pollutant to the type and amount of traffic. Both diesel and petrol vehicles make some contribution to the amounts of smoke and polycyclic hydrocarbons found in the tunnels, but in the case of smoke, fluoranthene, 1: 2-benzpyrene, pyrene, and 3: 4-benzpyrene, the concentrations appear to be more closely related to the density of diesel traffic than to that of petrol traffic. The concentrations of lead and carbon monoxide have also been determined, and these are very closely related to the density of petrol traffic. During the morning and evening rush hours the mean concentration of carbon monoxide was just over 100 p.p.m. and peak values up to 500 p.p.m. were recorded at times. Oxides of nitrogen were determined in some of the experiments and there was always much more nitric oxide than nitrogen dioxide. Eye irritation was experienced but its cause was not investigated.The concentration of pollution in the tunnels does not appear to be high enough to create any special hazards for short-term exposures. The amosphere at peak periods may become very dirty and unpleasant and the concentration of carbon monoxide would be sufficient to produce some effect over a period of several hours' continuous exposure. The total emission of pollution from road vehicles must still be small in comparison with that from coal fires, but the effect of traffic on the concentration of smoke, polycyclic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and lead in the air of city streets deserves continued study.Although the combustion of coal is still responsible for most of the air pollution in British towns, the contribution made by motor vehicles deserves careful attention. In an earlier paper (Commins, Waller, and Lawther, 1957) the concentrations of smoke and polycyclic hydrocarbons in two London diesel bus garages were compared with those in the outside air. In each case there was much more black smoke inside the garage than outside, but the differences in 3 :4-benzpyrene concentration were small. The buses were in excellent mechanical condition and they were being run under minimal load. The results of this investigation were relevant to the health of the workers in the garages, but they were of strictly limited value in any study of the possible effects on the general population of pollution from vehicles.The highest concentrations of pollution from motor vehicles occur in tunnels, and to study the emissions from mixed traffic, measurements were made in two London road tunnels under the Thames.Our earlier experiments had shown that the smoke f...

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Air Pollution in Diesel Bus Garages

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: A literature review

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: A literature review

School bus emissions, student health and academic performance

Air Pollution in Road Tunnels

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