Air-Processed Infrared-Annealed Printed Methylammonium-Free Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Incorporating Potassium-Doped Graphene Oxide as an Interlayer

Abstract

The use of solution processes to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represents a winning strategy to reduce capital expenditure, increase the throughput, and allow for process flexibility needed to adapt PVs to new applications. However, the typical fabrication process for PSC development to date is performed in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen), usually in a glovebox, hampering the industrial scale-up. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, the use of double-cation perovskite (forsaking the unstable methylammonium (MA) cation) processed in ambient air by employing potassium-doped graphene oxide (GO-K) as an interlayer, between the mesoporous TiO2 and the perovskite layer and using infrared annealing (IRA). We upscaled the device active area from 0.09 to 16 cm2 by blade coating the perovskite layer, exhibiting power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 18.3 and 16.10% for 0.1 and 16 cm2 active area devices, respectively. We demonstrated how the efficiency and stability of MA-free-based perovskite deposition in air have been improved by employing GO-K and IRA.

Materials and Methods for High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Modules

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 96 ] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. c) Roll‐to‐Roll process for formation of NiO x and perovskite precursor solution coating with HI treatment on the NiO x surface.…”

Efficient and Stable Perovskite Large Area Cells by Low-Cost Fluorene-Xantene-Based Hole Transporting Layer

“…One of the key factors for further development of PVSK solar technology is the upscaling from a small area cell to module size [10,32]. The first step in this direction is the fabrication of a large area cell with a size greater than 1 cm 2 [33]. We found an efficiency loss of about 5% by scaling to a large area size cell, mainly because of the fill factor (FF) (Table 2 and Figure 5a).…”

Light-Stable Methylammonium-Free Inverted Flexible Perovskite Solar Modules on PET Exceeding 10.5% on a 15.7 cm2 Active Area

“… 46 , 48 − 52 Recently, many researchers proved that double-cation perovskite, using cesium and formamidinium (CsFA), 53 , 54 shows better intrinsic stability on small-area cells (up to 0.1 cm 2 area), even though only a few tests have been done so far on large-area devices, including modules, with promising results on conventional architecture and a rigid substrate. 55 A focus on module stability is needed to overcome possible degradation effects at the interconnections, mainly when putting a contact metal with a perovskite layer. 56 − 60 The choice of the perovskite material, avoiding MA containing perovskite, is a game changer if the focus on longer lifetime is tested, enabling longer stability from a material to a device level.…”