Air quality management in Botswana

Akinola, M. O.; Lekonpane, M.; Dada, Ebenezer Olasunkanmi

doi:10.17159/2410-972x/2017/v27n1a9

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…These respiratory-related tract problems are linked to effects of air pollution from the mining and smelting activities. 47 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like many developing nations, Botswana has experienced a significant amount of pollution due to rapid growth in its urban population, industrialization and rising demands for energy and motor vehicles. 47 The combined effect of population dynamics and economic development has a noticeable effect on the environment in terms of increased waste generation and poor waste management.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status of Air Pollution in Botswana and Significance to Air Quality and Human Health

Wiston

2017

Journal of Health and Pollution

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Background.Air pollution is an important issue in developed and industrialized countries. The most common sources of air pollution are anthropogenic activities such as construction dust, vehicular emissions and mining. For low- and middle-income countries, biomass burning and indoor heating are the leading sources of air pollution. As more of the world undergoes development and human populations increase, industrialization is also increasing, along with the potential for air pollution.Objectives.This article reviews the status of air pollution to raise awareness of air quality and human health in Botswana.Discussion.Since independence, Botswana has experienced one of the highest economic development growth rates in the world. These changes have occurred as a result of economic growth and resource utilization associated with increased industrialization. However, there is growing worldwide concern about the effect and impact of pollution due to industrial growth. Botswana is ranked amongst the most polluted countries with serious air pollution, despite a population of just over 2 million.Conclusions.Rapid development and increased urbanization have had a major environmental impact around the world. This increased growth has the potential to lead to air quality degradation. Significant health threats are posed by industrial and vehicular emissions, especially in urban and peri-urban areas where the population is most concentrated. It is important that the linkage between air pollution and health effects is fully examined across all scales of life, especially in developing countries. In addition, programs should be devised to educate the public about the pollution impacts on health.

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“…These respiratory-related tract problems are linked to effects of air pollution from the mining and smelting activities. 47 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of Air Pollution in Botswana and Significance to Air Quality and Human Health

Wiston

2017

Journal of Health and Pollution

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“…In the African continent, the standard for benzene is present in the Botswana Bureau of Standards, Morocco air quality standard and the South African ambient air quality standards. The permissible limit for benzene in Botswana standard is 5 μg/m 3 (annual) (Modupe O. Akinola, 2017). 10 μg/m 3 (calendar year) is the limit set for human health protection in the Moroccan (Chirmata et al., 2017) & South African standard (Department of Environmental Affairs South Africa, 2009).…”

Section: Standards For Benzene In the Ambient Air Quality Standards Omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The permissible limit for benzene in Botswana standard is 5 μg/m 3 (annual) (Modupe O. Akinola, 2017). 10 μg/m 3 (calendar year) is the limit set for human health protection in the Moroccan (Chirmata et al, 2017) & South African standard (Department of Environmental Affairs South Africa, 2009).…”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of benzene air quality standards, monitoring methods and concentrations in indoor and outdoor environment

Sekar

Varghese

Varma

2019

Heliyon

100

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Benzene is a proven carcinogen. Its synergistic action with other pollutants can damage different components of the biosphere. Literature comparing the air quality standards of benzene, its monitoring methods and global concentrations are sparse. This study compiles the worldwide available air quality standards for benzene and highlights the importance of strict and uniform standards all over the world. It was found that out of the 193 United Nation member states, only 53 countries, including the European Union member states, have ambient air quality standard for benzene. Even where standards were available, in most cases, they were not protective of public health. An extensive literature review was conducted to compile the available monitoring and analysis methods for benzene, and found that the most preferred method, i.e, analyzing by Gas Chromatography and Mass spectroscopy is not cost effective and not suitable for real-time continuous monitoring. The study compared the concentrations of benzene in the indoor and outdoor air reported from different countries. Though the higher concentrations of benzene noticed in the survey were mostly from Asian countries, both in the case of indoor and outdoor air, the concentrations were not statistically different across the various continents. Based on the analyzed data, the average benzene level in the ambient air of Asian countries (371 μg/m3) was approximately 3.5 times higher than the indoor benzene levels (111 μg/m3). Similarly, the outdoor to the indoor ratio of benzene level in European and North American Countries were found to be 1.2 and 7.7, respectively. This compilation will help the policymakers to include/revise the standards for benzene in future air quality guideline amendments.

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“…Botswana is a developing country in Africa, with a current population of about 2.37 million, and projected to reach 3 million by 2040 (Akinola et al, 2017). Botswana is attributed to high urbanization rates with a predicted increase rate of 60% by the year 2026 (Akinola et al, 2017). This puts pressure on the economic status of the country to provide food security for the growing population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Long-Term Impact of Wastewater Irrigation in the Era of Global Concern of Antibiotic Resistance: A Perspective From a Developing Country

Onalenna¹,

Rahube²

2019

JEBAS

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Insufficient supply of fresh water remains a global problem, particularly in Africa and Middle East. Using wastewater effluent as an alternative water source for irrigating crops has become a feasible alternative; this relieves demand for fresh water. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are widely recognized as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) that are associated with pathogenesis. This is because WWTPs receive water from various sources and frequently contain antibiotic resistance determinants. Following treatment, wastewater effluent is often discharged into rivers and ponds which are used for irrigation of crops, resulting in the introduction of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs into agricultural soils. Many countries have embarked on surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance dissemination in agricultural environments. However, in Botswana no studies have been carried out on dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment particularly in agroecosystems. This review will provide a perspective on the long-term impact of wastewater irrigation and a proposal for monitoring antibiotic resistance in a developing country in this era of growing concern on antibiotic resistance.

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Air quality management in Botswana

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Status of Air Pollution in Botswana and Significance to Air Quality and Human Health

Status of Air Pollution in Botswana and Significance to Air Quality and Human Health

Analysis of benzene air quality standards, monitoring methods and concentrations in indoor and outdoor environment

The Long-Term Impact of Wastewater Irrigation in the Era of Global Concern of Antibiotic Resistance: A Perspective From a Developing Country

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