Air-Water Equilibrium of Hexachlorocyclohexanes and Chloromethoxybenzenes in the North and South Atlantic

Schreitmueller, Joern.; Ballschmiter, Karlheinz

doi:10.1021/es00001a027

Cited by 58 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…3C). Measurements of air‐water equilibrium status of α‐HCH in the northern temperate ocean are rare [2,50] but indicate that conditions in the late 1980s and early 1990s were slightly net depositional, yet close to equilibrium, and thus agree well with the predictions. In the Great Lakes, there also seems to be a shift from mostly depositional in 1989−1990 [42] to equilibrium during 1993 [51].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

Global chemical fate of α-hexachlorocyclohexane. 1. Evaluation of a global distribution model

Wania¹,

Mackay

et al. 1999

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

115

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Vertical atmospheric layering is included in a previously described, zonally averaged global multimedia distribution model. This model is used to simulate the fate of α‐hexachlorocyclohexane (α‐HCH), the main ingredient of the technical HCH pesticide mixture, for the 50 years of its large‐scale use (1947−1997). Worldwide historic emission estimates are compiled, assigned to 10 climate zones, and used as input in model calculations. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing calculated and measured concentrations in the atmosphere and seawater. A major focus is on the arctic and northern temperate environment, and emphasis is also placed on absolute levels, time trends, latitudinal profiles, and air‐water exchange. In general, simulated and observed concentrations agree within one order of magnitude. Deviations are explained by the zonal averaging characteristics of the model and uncertainties associated with the environmental degradation rates of α‐HCH. In both model results and observations, the dramatic decrease in the global emission of α‐HCH is reflected in rapidly decreasing concentrations in the atmosphere and seawater, except in the Arctic Ocean, which apparently is the last refuge for α‐HCH in the global environment. The model thus provides an illustration of the response characteristics of the global system to the reduced emissions of α‐HCH. Its application to other chemicals with reduced emission is discussed.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

Global chemical fate of α-hexachlorocyclohexane. 1. Evaluation of a global distribution model

Wania¹,

Mackay

et al. 1999

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3C). Measurements of air-water equilibrium status of ␣-HCH in the northern temperate ocean are rare [2,50] but indicate that conditions in the late 1980s and early 1990s were slightly net depositional, yet close to equilibrium, and thus agree well with the predictions. In the Great Lakes, there also seems to be a shift from mostly depositional in 1989-1990 [42] to equilibrium during 1993 [51].…”

Section: Levels and Time Trendssupporting

confidence: 65%

GLOBAL CHEMICAL FATE OF Α-Hexachlorocyclohexane. 1. EVALUATION OF a GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION MODEL

Wania¹,

Mackay

et al. 1999

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-Vertical atmospheric layering is included in a previously described, zonally averaged global multimedia distribution model. This model is used to simulate the fate of ␣-hexachlorocyclohexane (␣-HCH), the main ingredient of the technical HCH pesticide mixture, for the 50 years of its large-scale use . Worldwide historic emission estimates are compiled, assigned to 10 climate zones, and used as input in model calculations. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing calculated and measured concentrations in the atmosphere and seawater. A major focus is on the arctic and northern temperate environment, and emphasis is also placed on absolute levels, time trends, latitudinal profiles, and air-water exchange. In general, simulated and observed concentrations agree within one order of magnitude. Deviations are explained by the zonal averaging characteristics of the model and uncertainties associated with the environmental degradation rates of ␣-HCH. In both model results and observations, the dramatic decrease in the global emission of ␣-HCH is reflected in rapidly decreasing concentrations in the atmosphere and seawater, except in the Arctic Ocean, which apparently is the last refuge for ␣-HCH in the global environment. The model thus provides an illustration of the response characteristics of the global system to the reduced emissions of ␣-HCH. Its application to other chemicals with reduced emission is discussed.

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“…Homogenous distribution of HCB in the two hemispheres is also indicated by analysis of leaves [24]. The slightly higher levels in the samples from the northern hemisphere of cruise leg ANT IX/4 can be explained by the partial influence of continental air masses [39][40][41].…”

Section: Meridional Concentration Profiles Of the Bromo-chioro-anisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of halogenated methoxybenzenes and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the picogram m−3 range in marine air

et al. 1997

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SummaryHalogenated methoxybenzenes (halogenated anisoles) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) have been analyzed in marine air samples from the lower troposphere of the East Atlantic Ocean, taken on the German research vessel "Polarstern' during two cruises in 1993 and 1994, and in air samples from the North Pacific Ocean (1995). The high-volume sampling method, sample preparation and analysis by HRGC-ECD and HRGC-MSD-SIM are described. The effectiveness of a new graphitized-carboncovered silica sorbent (ANGI-Sorb B) for the sampling of semi-volatiles is demonstrated. Eight congeners of the halogenated anisoles and HCB were detected in almost all marine air samples. The concentrations of the chloroanisoles, which show a distinct north-south interhemispherical gradient, were between 0.2 and 145 pg m-3; for the bromoanisoles concentrations were between 0.2 and 42 pg m -3. Only a weak inter-hemispheric gradient was observed for HCB at levels of 10--40 pg m -3. Levels of HCB were approximately 100 pg m -3 in continentally influenced air. Biogenic and indirect anthropogenic sources of the halogenated anisoles are discussed.

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Air-Water Equilibrium of Hexachlorocyclohexanes and Chloromethoxybenzenes in the North and South Atlantic

Cited by 58 publications

References 33 publications

Global chemical fate of α-hexachlorocyclohexane. 1. Evaluation of a global distribution model

Global chemical fate of α-hexachlorocyclohexane. 1. Evaluation of a global distribution model

GLOBAL CHEMICAL FATE OF Α-Hexachlorocyclohexane. 1. EVALUATION OF a GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION MODEL

Analysis of halogenated methoxybenzenes and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the picogram m−3 range in marine air

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