Airborne Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: A Review of Past and Present Perspectives

Brown, Emma; Nelson, Noel; Gubbins, Simon; Colenutt, Claire

doi:10.3390/v14051009

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Environmental and climatic variables have the potential to influence FMD risk by affecting viral stability, survival or transmission. For instance, the risk of airborne transmission, a long‐haul route for FMDv spread, varies between geographical regions because of differences in husbandry systems, proximity of susceptible and affected species, animal densities and the local climate (Brown et al., 2022 ). Alternatively, weather‐related variables may be informative of the increased likelihood of animal‐to‐animal contacts driven by extreme climatic events such as drought, a factor that triggers human‐mediated movements of livestock and natural migrations in wildlife.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scoping review of foot‐and‐mouth disease risk, based on spatial and spatio‐temporal analysis of outbreaks in endemic settings

Gordon

Porphyre

Muhanguzi

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important transboundary animal diseases affecting livestock and wildlife species worldwide. Sustained viral circulation, as evidenced by serological surveys and the recurrence of outbreaks, suggests endemic transmission cycles in some parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East. This is the result of a complex process in which multiple serotypes, multi-host interactions and numerous socio-epidemiological factors converge to facilitate disease introduction, survival and spread. Spatial and spatio-temporal analyses have been increasingly used to explore the burden of the disease by identifying high-risk areas, analysing temporal trends and exploring the factors that contribute to the outbreaks. We systematically retrieved spatial and spatial-temporal studies on FMD outbreaks to summarize variations on their methodological approaches and identify the epidemiological factors associated with the outbreaks in endemic contexts. Fifty-one studies were included in the final review. A high proportion of papers described and visualized the outbreaks (72.5%) and 49.0% used one or more approaches to study their spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal aggregation. The epidemiological aspects commonly linked to FMD risk are broadly categorizable into themes such as (a) animal demographics and interactions, (b) spatial accessibility, (c) trade, (d) socio-economic and (e) environmental factors. The consistency of these themes across studies underlines the different pathways in which the virus is sustained in endemic areas, with the potential to exploit them to design tailored evidence based-control programmes for the local needs. There was limited data linking the socio-economics of communities and modelled FMD outbreaks, leaving a gap in the current knowledge. A thorough analysis of FMD outbreaks requires a systemic view as multiple epidemiological factors contribute to viral circulation and may improve the accuracy of disease mapping. Future studies should explore the links between socio-economic and epidemiological factors as a foundation for translating the identified opportunities into interventions to improve the outcomes of FMD surveillance and control initiatives in endemic contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scoping review of foot‐and‐mouth disease risk, based on spatial and spatio‐temporal analysis of outbreaks in endemic settings

Gordon

Porphyre

Muhanguzi

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…In addition, FMDV can also be transmitted through the air, where this virus is exhaled by infected animals into the air and travels long distances, up to 200 km, both on land and in water [13]. However, we still lack knowledge about understanding FMDV transmission through the air and its practical applications for FMD control [14].…”

Section: Figure 1 Number Of Foot and Mouth Disease-positive Dairy Cowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Examination of Foot and Mouth Disease of Dairy Cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia

Ismail

Indarjulianto

Yusuf

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, pigs, and other animals with cloven hooves. It is a transboundary animal disease that seriously affects livestock productivity and disrupts trade in live animals and animal products worldwide. Indonesia was declared free of FMD in 1986, then vaccination and FMD vaccine production were banned. In April 2022, FMD was detected in cattle in some provinces in Indonesia, including West Java. This study investigated the clinical signs of FMD-positive dairy cows from 20 to 30 May 2022, in Sukamurni village. A total of 284 dairy cows were confirmed FMD by the laboratory and investigated for their clinical signs by direct examination and questionnaire. The result revealed lactating cows account for 42.6% of total positive cases, followed by pregnant cows (24.3%) and calves (11.27%). The main clinical signs were lameness (including lesions on foot) and excessive salivation (77.27%). Milk production was decreased on day 3 and returned to normal on day 10 after infection. Most cows reported clinical signs up to 3-4 weeks. In conclusion, these results suggest that lameness and excessive salivation are the most common clinical signs of FMD in dairy cows.

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“…The ability of the FMDV to spread rapidly in susceptible animals has made it a fairly serious disease classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Outbreaks of FMD can be devastating to the agricultural industry due to the expense of implementing control measures and the consequent trade restrictions that prevent the export of animals and animal products [ 4 ]. It is estimated that FMD costs between $6.5–21 billion per year in endemic regions [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral Effect of Manganese against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Both in PK15 Cells and Mice

Zhang

Yin

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, and sheep. Current emergency FMD vaccines are of limited use for early protection because their protective effect starts 7 days after vaccination. Therefore, antiviral drugs or additives are used to rapidly stop the spread of the virus during FMD outbreaks. Manganese (Mn2+) was recently found to be an important substance necessary for the host to protect against DNA viruses. However, its antiviral effect against RNA viruses remains unknown. In this study, we found that Mn2+ has antiviral effects on the FMD virus (FMDV) both in PK15 cells and mice. The inhibitory effect of Mn2+ on FMDV involves NF-κB activation and up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes. Animal experiments showed that Mn2+ can be highly effective in protecting C57BL/6N mice from being infected with FMDV. Overall, we suggest Mn2+ as an effective antiviral additive for controlling FMDV infection.

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Airborne Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: A Review of Past and Present Perspectives

Cited by 31 publications

References 78 publications

A scoping review of foot‐and‐mouth disease risk, based on spatial and spatio‐temporal analysis of outbreaks in endemic settings

A scoping review of foot‐and‐mouth disease risk, based on spatial and spatio‐temporal analysis of outbreaks in endemic settings

Clinical Examination of Foot and Mouth Disease of Dairy Cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia

Antiviral Effect of Manganese against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Both in PK15 Cells and Mice

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