Airport malaria: report of four cases in Tunisia

Siala, E.; Gamara, Dhikrayet; Kallel, K.; Daaboub, Jabeur; Zouiten, Faiçal; Houzé, Sandrine; Bouratbine, A.; Karim, Abdul

doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0566-x

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The presence of P. ovale and P. malariae, co-infected with P. falciparum, highlights the impact of those two parasites in asymptomatic and chronic malaria infection. Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale are not usually associated with severe malaria but P. malariae may be responsible for chronic nephrotic syndrome which can be fatal (51), and chronic infections that can last for years (52), even after leaving endemic regions (44,53). Plasmodium ovale is responsible for relapses after months or even years without symptoms due to the presence of hypnozoites (54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60) and it has been shown to cause severe disease and even death on occasion (61)(62)(63).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Parasite Species Composition of Plasmodium Infections Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic School-Age Children in Rural and Urban Areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Nundu

Culleton

Simpson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background. Malaria remains a major public health concern in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and school-age children are relatively neglected in malaria prevalence surveys and may constitute a significant reservoir of transmission. This study aimed to understand the burden of malaria infections in school-age children in Kinshasa/DRC.Methods. 634 (427 asymptomatic and 207 symptomatic) blood samples were collected from a cross-sectional survey of school-age children aged 6 to 14 years both without and with malaria symptoms. Nested-PCR was performed for malaria parasite species typing. Results. The overall prevalence of Plasmodium spp., Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale was 62.3, 58.1, 19.9 and 10.8% among asymptomatic whereas it was 94.4, 93.2, 12.6 and 15.9% in symptomatic children, respectively. All Plasmodium species infections were significantly more prevalent in the rural area compared to the urban area in asymptomatic infections (p<0.001). Living in a rural as opposed to an urban area was associated with a five-fold greater risk of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriage (p<0.001). Amongst asymptomatic malaria parasite carriers, 43% of children in the rural area were co-infected with two or more species with P. falciparum + P. malariae the most common (24%) whereas in the urban setting, fewer children carried co-infections (16%) with P. falciparum + P. malariae again the most common (9%). A fifth of rural-dwelling symptomatic children were co-infected with two or more species with P. falciparum + P. ovale the most common (14%), while a quarter of symptomatic children in the urban area carried multiple species, with co-infections of P. falciparum + P. malariae the most common (11%). Conclusion. School-age children are at significant risk from both asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria parasite infections. Continuous systematic screening and treatment of school-age children in high-transmission settings across the country may reinforce malaria intervention measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Parasite Species Composition of Plasmodium Infections Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic School-Age Children in Rural and Urban Areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Nundu

Culleton

Simpson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…aegypti into Australia present three main management challenges. They could introduce alleles conferring pyrethroid resistance into the current, pyrethroid-susceptible Australian population and thereby reduce the effectiveness of current control programs; they could bring disease into non-endemic regions (Siala et al, 2015); and they could lead to the establishment of new Australian Ae. aegypti populations outside the current native range in Queensland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking genetic invasions: genome-wide SNPs reveal the source of pyrethroid-resistantAedes aegypti(yellow fever mosquito) incursions at international ports

Schmidt

Rooyen²,

Chung

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Biological invasions are increasing globally in number and extent despite efforts to restrict their spread. Knowledge of incursion pathways is necessary to prevent new invasions and to design effective biosecurity protocols at source and recipient locations. This study uses genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to determine the origin of 115 incursive Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito) detected at international ports in Australia and New Zealand. We also genotyped mosquitoes at three point mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene: V1016G, F1534C, and S989P. These mutations confer knockdown resistance to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, widely used for controlling invertebrate pests. We first delineated reference populations using Ae. aegypti sampled from 15 locations in Asia, South America, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Incursives were assigned to these populations using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and an assignment test with a support vector machine predictive model. Bali, Indonesia, was the most common origin of Ae. aegypti detected in Australia, while Ae. aegypti detected in New Zealand originated from Pacific Islands such as Fiji. Most incursives had the same allelic genotype across the three Vssc gene point mutations, which confers strong resistance to synthetic pyrethroids, the only insecticide class used in current, widely-implemented aircraft disinsection protocols endorsed by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Additionally, all internationally-assigned Ae. aegypti had Vssc point mutations linked to pyrethroid resistance that are not found in Australian populations. These findings demonstrate that protocols for preventing introductions of invertebrates must consider insecticide resistance, and highlights the usefulness of genomic datasets for managing global biosecurity objectives.

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“…The global epidemiological data reported in 2006 showed that countries mostly affected by airport malaria are in Europe, particularly France (29.2%), Belgium (19.1%) and Switzerland (10.1%), Luxembourg (5.6%), Italy and Germany (4.5%), followed by the UK (15.7%), USA (4.5%), Israel and Australia (1.1%) (Figure 2) [6]. Some cases have also been reported in Tunisia [82]. In the meantime, this epidemiological situation may be changed, with the intensification of international trade.…”

Section: Airport Malaria Epidemiological Profilesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Airport Malaria in Non-Endemic Areas: New Insights into Mosquito Vectors, Case Management and Major Challenges

Alenou

Etang

2021

Microorganisms

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Despite the implementation of preventive measures in airports and aircrafts, the risk of importing Plasmodium spp. infected mosquitoes is still present in malaria-free countries. Evidence suggests that mosquitoes have found a new alliance with the globalization of trade and climate change, leading to an upsurge of malaria parasite transmission around airports. The resulting locally acquired form of malaria is called Airport malaria. However, piecemeal information is available, regarding its epidemiological and entomological patterns, as well as the challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Understanding these issues is a critical step towards a better implementation of control strategies. To cross reference this information, we conducted a systematic review on 135 research articles published between 1969 (when the first cases of malaria in airports were reported) and 2020 (i.e., 51 years later). It appears that the risk of malaria transmission by local mosquito vectors in so called malaria-free countries is not zero; this risk is more likely to be fostered by infected vectors coming from endemic countries by air or by sea. Furthermore, there is ample evidence that airport malaria is increasing in these countries. From 2010 to 2020, the number of cases in Europe was 7.4 times higher than that recorded during the 2000–2009 decade. This increase may be associated with climate change, increased international trade, the decline of aircraft disinsection, as well as delays in case diagnosis and treatment. More critically, current interventions are weakened by biological and operational challenges, such as drug resistance in malaria parasites and vector resistance to insecticides, and logistic constraints. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen malaria prevention and treatment for people at risk of airport malaria, and implement a rigorous routine entomological and epidemiological surveillance in and around airports.

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Airport malaria: report of four cases in Tunisia

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Malaria Parasite Species Composition of Plasmodium Infections Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic School-Age Children in Rural and Urban Areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Malaria Parasite Species Composition of Plasmodium Infections Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic School-Age Children in Rural and Urban Areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Tracking genetic invasions: genome-wide SNPs reveal the source of pyrethroid-resistantAedes aegypti(yellow fever mosquito) incursions at international ports

Airport Malaria in Non-Endemic Areas: New Insights into Mosquito Vectors, Case Management and Major Challenges

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