Hu Y, Gu Q, Lin RL, Kryscio R, Lee LY. Calcium transient evoked by TRPV1 activators is enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-␣ in rat pulmonary sensory neurons. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 299: L483-L492, 2010. First published July 16, 2010 doi:10.1152/ajplung.00111.2010.-TNF␣, a proinflammatory cytokine known to be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, has been shown to induce hyperalgesia in somatic tissue via a sensitizing effect on dorsal root ganglion neurons expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 receptor (TRPV1). Because TRPV1-expressing pulmonary sensory neurons play an important role in regulating airway function, this study was carried out to determine whether TNF␣ alters the sensitivity of these neurons to chemical activators. Responses of isolated nodose and jugular ganglion neurons innervating the rat lungs were determined by measuring the transient increase in intracellular Ca 2ϩ concentration ([Ca 2ϩ ]i). Our results showed the following. 1) A pretreatment with TNF␣ (50 ng/ml) for ϳ24 h increased significantly the peak ⌬[Ca 2ϩ ]i evoked by capsaicin (Cap) in these neurons. A pretreatment with the same concentration of TNF␣ for a longer duration (ϳ48 h) did not further increase the response, but pretreatment for a shorter duration (1 h) or with a lower concentration (25 ng/ml, 24 h) failed to enhance the Cap sensitivity.2) The same TNF␣ pretreatment also induced similar but less pronounced and less uniform increases in the responses to acid (pH 6.5-5.5), 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), a common activator of TRPV1, V2, and V3 channels, and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a selective activator of TRPA1 channel. 3) In sharp contrast, the responses to ATP, ACh, and KCl were not affected by TNF␣. 4) The TNF␣-induced hypersensitivity to Cap was not prevented by pretreatment with indomethacin (30 M). 5) The immunoreactivity to both TNF receptor types 1 and 2 were detected in rat vagal pulmonary sensory neurons. In conclusion, prolonged treatment with TNF␣ induces a pronounced potentiating effect on the responses of isolated pulmonary sensory neurons to TRPV1 activators. This action of TNF␣ may contribute in part to the airway hyperresponsiveness induced by this cytokine. intracellular calcium; pulmonary afferent; transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1; airway inflammation; asthma AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF TNF␣ in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma has been extensively documented (6,9,28,47). TNF␣ can be released from a variety of cell types in the airways, particularly macrophages, monocytes, and mast cells. TNF␣, either newly synthesized or preformed and stored constitutively within the mast cell granules, is coreleased with other potent mediators such as histamine and tryptase via the IgE-dependent mechanism (9, 21, 47). TNF␣ was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, sputum, exhaled breath condensate, and serum of asthmatic patients during asthmatic attack or following antigen inhalation challenge (12,33,39). Furthermore, it has been shown that TNF␣ is releas...